William Lockhart of Lee

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Sir
William Lockhart
PC
Sir William Lockhart
Ambassador to France
In office
1673 – 1675  
MonarchCharles II
Preceded byEdward Spragge
Succeeded byBaron Berkeley
MP for Lanarkshire
In office
1669–1672
Ambassador to France
In office
1656–1660
Governor of Dunkirk
In office
1658–1660
MP for Lanarkshire
In office
1654–1658
Personal details
Bornca 1621
Commissioner for Justice, 1654
PortfolioPrivy Council of Scotland 1673

Sir William Lockhart of Lee (1621–1675), was a Scottish soldier and diplomat who fought for the Covenanters during the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following Royalist defeat in the 1642 to 1647 First English Civil War, Lockhart took part in negotiations between Charles I and Scottish Engagers, who agreed to restore him to the English throne.

The Engagers were

ended with defeat in 1651 and Scotland was incorporated into the English Commonwealth
in 1654.

After his marriage to

Commissioner for Justice in Scotland and Ambassador to France, 1656 to 1660. In this role, he helped negotiate the 1657 Treaty of Paris, an Anglo-French alliance against Spain. He also commanded English troops at the 1658 Battle of the Dunes, later serving as Governor of Dunkirk
.

Unlike many who held office under the Commonwealth, he escaped punishment following the Restoration of Charles II, but lost most of his offices. In 1673, the Duke of Lauderdale had him re-appointed Ambassador to France; he died in Paris in June 1675.

Life

William Lockhart was born in 1621, the eldest of nine children born to

Queen Henrietta Maria. His siblings included John Lockhart (1625-1689), George (c. 1630–1689), Robert (1626-1652), James (died 1694) and Mary (1620-1677).[1]

After his first wife Martha Hamilton died in 1654, he married Robina Sewster, whose first husband had been distantly related to

Career

Lockhart reportedly ran away from school when he was 13 and made his way to

Danzig, where his relative Sir George Douglas was Ambassador to Poland. He escorted Douglas' body home for burial after his death in 1636 and spent the next few years in Europe. He joined the French army and became a captain of horse, before returning to Scotland in 1644, during the First English Civil War.[3]

Appointed lieutenant-colonel in the

Montrose, Royalist commander in Scotland. In late 1645, he transferred to the Scottish army based at Newark, and was present when Charles surrendered to Lord Leven in May 1646. He carried messages between the king and Duke of Hamilton, who negotiated on behalf of the Engagers
, and was knighted as a result.

In December 1647, Charles agreed to impose Presbyterianism in England for three years and suppress the Independents, but his refusal to take the Covenant himself split the Scots.[4] It was not until April 1648 the Engagers achieved a majority in the Scottish Parliament; the Kirk Party did not trust Charles, objected to an alliance with English and Scots Royalists, and denounced the Engagement as 'sinful.'[5]

In June 1648, Lockhart commanded a cavalry regiment in an Engager army of 9,000 that marched into England. The Second English Civil War involved a series of Royalist risings in England and Wales, with the Scots providing support; by the time the Scots entered Lancashire in early August, the other revolts had been suppressed and the Engagers were defeated at Preston on 19 August.[6]

As part of the rearguard that enabled some of the Scots to escape, Lockhart was captured and held in

Third English Civil War, an attempt by the Kirk Party to restore Charles II
to the English throne.

Diplomat

While on a visit to London Lockhart had an interview with Oliver Cromwell, and on 18 May 1652 he was appointed one of Cromwell's commissioners for the administration of justice in Scotland. He was also nominated a trustee for the disposing of forfeited estates, and was sworn a member of the Scottish privy council. In 1653, 1654–5, and 1656–8 he represented Lanarkshire in the Protectorate parliaments in Westminster and from 1672 to 1674 represented the county in the Parliament of Scotland at Edinburgh.[2]

Lockhart was appointed in December 1655 English ambassador in Paris, but did not set out till April 1656. He filled this office till the death of Cromwell. His correspondence was printed in the Thurloe State Papers. The main purpose of his mission was to confirm the alliance with France against Spain, and to prevent aid to the Stuart family. An alliance with England was distasteful to France, both on political and religious grounds; and Lockhart had a difficult task in maintaining it. Much of his success was due to his handling of

Spanish Flanders. It was further agreed to attack the three coast towns of Gravelines, Mardyke, and Dunkirk, the first of which was to fall to France and the two others to England.[2]

Governor of Dunkirk

With the signing of the treaty Lockhart's difficulties had only begun. The French laid siege in September to

Sir John Reynolds, the English general, Lockhart undertook the command of the English forces, and in the pitched battle before Dunkirk he charged the Spanish foot. The town was surrendered on 15 June, and on the 24th handed over to Lockhart, who was made governor by Cromwell, and proceeded to put it in a state of defence. He received no assistance from the French.[2]

Shortly after the capture of Dunkirk, Lockhart intervened successfully for the protection of the Huguenots in Nîmes.[2]

After the resignation of

George Monck. Monck assured him that he intended to support the Commonwealth, and Lockhart accordingly refused to permit Charles II to come to Dunkirk. He also, according to Clarendon, turned down French inducements to hand over Dunkirk.[2]

Under Charles II

After the Restoration Lockhart was deprived of the government of Dunkirk, but through the intercession of Middleton he was not further molested. In 1662 Dunkirk was sold to the French. He lived for some years in retirement on his Scottish estate, but finding that his former relations with Cromwell rendered him an object of suspicion to his neighbours, he took up his residence with his wife's relations in Huntingdonshire.[2]

In 1671 Lockhart was brought to court by the Earl of Lauderdale, and through his influence was sent to the courts of Brandenburg and Lunenburg to secure their neutrality or co-operation on the formation of the alliance of France against Holland. Lockhart, according to Gilbert Burnet, became very uneasy when he fathomed the negotiations in which he was engaged. He then was reappointed to the embassy in France. He died on 20 March 1676.[2]

References

  1. ^ "Sir William Lockhart of Lee". Geni.com. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Henderson 1893, pp. 50–52.
  3. ^ Venning 2004.
  4. ^ "The Engagement 1647-1648". BCW Project. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  5. ^ Mitchison 2002, pp. 223–224.
  6. ^ Royle 2005, p. 470.

Sources

External links

"The Engagement 1647-1648". BCW Project. Retrieved 14 January 2020.