Lancashire
Lancashire | |
---|---|
8th of 48 | |
Density | 487/km2 (1,260/sq mi) |
Ethnicity | 2021 census[4] |
Non-metropolitan county | |
County council | Lancashire County Council |
Executive | Conservative |
Admin HQ | Preston |
Area | 2,894 km2 (1,117 sq mi) |
• Ranked | 9th of 21 |
Population | 1,236,035 |
• Ranked | 4th of 21 |
Density | 427/km2 (1,110/sq mi) |
ISO 3166-2 | GB-LAN |
GSS code | E10000017 |
ITL | TLD43 |
Website | lancashire |
Unitary authorities | |
Councils | Blackpool Council Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council |
Districts | |
Districts of Lancashire Unitary County council area | |
Districts |
Lancashire (
The county has an area of 3,079 square kilometres (1,189 sq mi) and a population of 1,490,300. After Blackpool (149,070),[5] the largest settlements are Blackburn (124,995) and the city of Preston (94,490); the city of Lancaster has a population of 52,655.[6] For local government purposes, Lancashire comprises a non-metropolitan county, with twelve districts, and two unitary authority areas, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool. The county historically included northern Greater Manchester and Merseyside, the Furness and Cartmel peninsulas of Cumbria, and some of northern Cheshire, and excluded the eastern part of the Forest of Bowland.
The west of Lancashire contains flat coastal plains, which rise to the hills of the
Lancashire was founded in the 12th century; in the Domesday Book of 1086 much of what would become the county is treated as part of Yorkshire and Cheshire. Until the Early Modern period the county was a comparatively poor backwater, although in 1351 it became a palatine, with a semi-independent judicial system. This changed during the Industrial Revolution, when the county rapidly industrialised; until 1974 it included both Liverpool, a major port, and Manchester, which with its surrounding towns dominated the manufacture of textiles.[7] The Lancashire coalfield was also exploited, with many collieries opening. By 1971 Lancashire had a population of 5,118,405, which made it the most heavily populated county in the United Kingdom after Greater London.
History
Before the county
During Roman times the area was part of the
In the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as "Inter Ripam et Mersam"[8][9] and included in the returns for Cheshire.[10] Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire,[9][11][full citation needed] it is by no means certain.[note 1][12][note 2] It is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire.[11][full citation needed]
Early history
The county was established in 1182,
Victorian era to late 20th century
Since the
During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urban with
The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK.[18]
Post-1974
On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, southern parts of administrative Lancashire were transferred to the two newly established metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester.[19] Widnes and Warrington, which did not form part of either new county but which were cut off from the rest of Lancashire, were transferred to Cheshire.[13][full citation needed] In the north, the new county of Cumbria incorporated the Furness exclave.
The new ceremonial county of Lancashire also gained land in 1974, as the
One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.[21] In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became unitary authorities, removing them from the non-metropolitan county but not from the ceremonial county.
As the new boundary changes came into effect on 1 April 1974, a government statement in The Times newspaper stated: “They are administrative areas and will not alter the traditional boundaries of counties”.[22]
Geography
Geology, landscape, and ecology
The three main rivers in Lancashire are the Ribble, Wyre and Lune, which all drain west to the Irish Sea. The Wyre rises in Bowland and is entirely within Lancashire, while the Ribble and Lune rise in North Yorkshire and Cumbria respectively. Many of Lancashire's other rivers are tributaries of the Ribble, including the Calder, Darwen, Douglas, and Hodder. The Irwell, which flows through Manchester, has its source in Lancashire.
To the west of the county are
In the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble are
The highest point of the ceremonial county is
Human geography
The north of the ceremonial county is less densely populated than the south, especially inland. The Fylde coast forms a continuous built-up area from Lytham St Annes to Fleetwood, including Blackpool, and further north is the Lancaster/Morecambe built-up area. The rest of the region is characterised by small towns and villages in the flat farmland surrounding the lower reaches of the Ribble, Wyre, and Lune and the sparsely populated uplands of the Forest of Bowland.
The centre and south-east of Lancashire is relatively urbanised, especially around the major settlements of
The
Some settlements within the historic county boundaries are in the ceremonial counties of West Yorkshire, Cheshire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria:[13][full citation needed][20][29][19][30][31][32]
To ceremonial | From historic Lancashire |
---|---|
Greater Manchester |
|
Merseyside | |
Cumbria | |
Cheshire | |
West Yorkshire | Todmorden (part) |
From historic | To ceremonial Lancashire |
West Riding of Yorkshire |
Boundary changes before 1974 include:[32]
- Todmorden, split between Lancashire and Yorkshire then entirely to West Riding of Yorkshire in 1889
- Mossley, split between Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire then entirely to Lancashire in 1889
- Stalybridge, entirely to Cheshire in 1889
- Areas such as Wythenshawe and Latchford, former county boroughs of Manchester and Warrington both extended south of the Mersey into historic Cheshire
- areas such as historic Lancashire.
Governance
Local government
The ceremonial county of Lancashire is divided into fourteen
Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen are unitary authorities, meaning their councils combine the functions of a district and county council. They were formed in 1996, before which each district was part of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire.[37] Both authorities currently have a majority Labour administration.
The ceremonial county itself only has a minor administrative functions, being the area to which the
Parliamentary constituencies
The ceremonial county is divided into sixteen constituencies for the purpose of parliamentary representation.
Conservative | Labour | Liberal Democrats | Green | Brexit Party | Others | Turnout |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
331,000 −7,000 |
270,000 −92,000 |
37,000 +9,000 |
19,000 +10,000 |
16,000 +16,000 |
41,000 +39,000 |
716,000 −34,000 |
Conservative | Labour | Liberal Democrats | Green | Brexit Party | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 +3 |
4 −4 |
0 — |
0 — |
0 — |
1 (Speaker) +1 |
Duchy of Lancaster
The
Economy
Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of economic activity, and hence one of wealth. Activities included coal mining, textile production, particularly that which used cotton, and fishing. Preston Docks, an industrial port is now disused. Lancashire was historically the location of the port of Liverpool while Barrow-in-Furness is famous for shipbuilding.
As of 2013, the largest private sector industry is the defence industry with
The nuclear power industry has a plant at Springfields, Salwick operated by Westinghouse and Heysham nuclear power station is operated by British Energy. Other major manufacturing firms include Leyland Trucks, a subsidiary of Paccar building the DAF truck range.
Other companies with a major presence in Lancashire include:
- Airline Network, an internet travel company with headquarters in Preston.
- Baxi, a heating equipment manufacturer has a large manufacturing site in Bamber Bridge.
- Crown Paints, a major paint manufacturer based in Darwen.
- Dr. Oetker, an international food processing company, has a factory in Leyland that produces frozen pizza mostly under the Chicago Town and Ristorante brands.
- Enterprise plc, one of the UK's leading support services based in Leyland.
- Hanson plc, a building supplies company operates the Accrington brick works.
- Hollands Pies, a major manufacturer of baked goods based in Baxenden near Accrington.
- National Savings and Investments, the state-owned savings bank, which offers Premium Bonds and other savings products, has an office in Blackpool.
- regional brewery founded in 1807 by Juno Thwaites in Blackburn.
- Xchanging, a company providing business process outsourcing services, with operations in Fulwood.
- AB InBev, a multinational beverage company, brews Budweiser, Stella Artois, Brahma, Bass and Boddingtons in Samlesbury.
- Fisherman's Friend, a confection company, famous for making strong mints and lozenges, based in Fleetwood.
- The Foulnaze cockle fishery is in Lytham. It has only opened the coastal cockle beds three times in twenty years; August 2013 was the last of these openings.[44]
Enterprise zone
The creation of Lancashire Enterprise Zone was announced in 2011. It was launched in April 2012, based at the airfields owned by BAE Systems in Warton and Samlesbury.[45] Warton Aerodrome covers 72 hectares (180 acres) and Samlesbury Aerodrome is 74 hectares.[46] Development is coordinated by Lancashire Enterprise Partnership, Lancashire County Council and BAE Systems.[45] The first businesses to move into the zone did so in March 2015, at Warton.[47]
In March 2015 the government announced a new
Economic output
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire at basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.[50]
Year | Regional Gross Value Added [note 3] | Agriculture [note 4] | Industry [note 5] | Services [note 6] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 13,789 | 344 | 5,461 | 7,984 |
2000 | 16,584 | 259 | 6,097 | 10,229 |
2003 | 19,206 | 294 | 6,352 | 12,560 |
Education
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.
Lancashire is home to four universities: Lancaster University, the University of Central Lancashire, Edge Hill University and the Lancaster campus of the University of Cumbria. Seven colleges offer higher education courses.
Transport
Roadways
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester, and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.
Other major roads include the east–west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood; the A666 from the A59 north of Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via Lancaster.
Several bus companies run bus services in the Lancashire area serving the main towns and villages in the county with some services running to neighbouring areas, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Yorkshire. Some of these include:
- Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire
- Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire
- Stagecoach Manchester
- Go North West
- Preston Bus
- Diamond North West
Railways
The
Airways
There is an operational airfield at Warton near Preston where there is a major assembly and test facility for BAE Systems.
Waterways
Heysham offers ferry services to Ireland and the Isle of Man.[51] As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster Canal, Sankey Canal, Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.
Demography
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on
The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the city of
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Pre-1998 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise the non-metropolitan county Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[52] |
Culture
Symbols
The
A flag consisting of a red rose on a gold field is used to represent the historic county. The flag was designed by the Friends of Real Lancashire, a pressure group which promotes the historic county, and registered with the Flag Institute, a vexillological charity, in 2008.[53][54] The flag has been flown from public buildings within the historic county on Lancashire Day (27 November), including County Hall in Preston,[55] St Helens Town Hall,[56] and the Ministry for Housing, Communities, and Local Government building in London.
An alternative flag consists of a red rose on a white field. This design had already been registered by Montrose in Scotland.[57]
Sport
Cricket
Local cricket leagues include the
Since 2000, the designated ECB Premier League[59] for Lancashire has been the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition.
Football
Football in Lancashire is governed by the
Lancashire clubs were prominent in the formation of the Football League in 1888, with the league being officially named at a meeting in Manchester.[62][63] Of the twelve founder members of the league, six were from Lancashire: Accrington, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Everton, and Preston North End.
The Football League now operates out of Preston.[64] The National Football Museum was founded at Deepdale, Preston in 2001, but moved to Manchester in 2012.[65]
Seven professional full-time teams were based in Lancashire at the start of the 2023–24 season:
- Premier League: Burnley
- Championship: Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End
- League One: Fleetwood Town and Blackpool
- League Two: Accrington Stanley and Morecambe
The county's most prominent football rivalries are the East Lancashire derby between Blackburn Rovers and Burnley, and the West Lancashire derby between Blackpool and Preston North End.
A further nine professional full-time teams lie within the historical borders of Lancashire but outside of the current ceremonial county. These include the Premier League clubs Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City and Manchester United.
Rugby league
Along with Yorkshire and Cumberland, Lancashire is recognised as the heartland of Rugby League. The county has produced many successful top flight clubs such as
Archery
There are many archery clubs located within Lancashire.[67] In 2004 Lancashire took the winning title at the Inter-counties championships from Yorkshire who had held it for 7 years.[68]
Wrestling
Lancashire has a long history of
Music
Folk music
Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of
A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar
Classical music
Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and
The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom.[85] The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher,[86] Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras[87] and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden.[88] The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944.[89] Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.[90]
More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932– Parbold),[91] Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016, Salford),[92] Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934–2022, Accrington),[93] Gordon Crosse (1937–, Bury),[94] John McCabe (1939–2015, Huyton),[95] Roger Smalley (1943–2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948–, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954–2013, Liverpool),[96] Simon Holt (1958–, Bolton)[97] and Philip Cashian (1963–, Manchester).[98] The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.[99]
Popular music
The first musicians to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool or managed by Beatles manager Brian Epstein were Manchester's Freddie and the Dreamers,[101] with Herman's Hermits and the Hollies also hailing from Manchester.[102] The Beatles led a movement by various beat groups from the region which culminated in the British Invasion of the US, which in turn made a major contribution to the development of modern rock music.[103] After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s, the centre of rock culture shifted to London, and there were relatively few Lancashire bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid-and-late 1970s.[104]
The towns of Accrington, Burnley, Chorley, Clitheroe, Colne, Lytham St Annes, Morecambe, Nelson, Ormskirk and Skelmersdale as well as the cities of Lancaster and Preston are referenced in the 1991 song, It's Grim Up North by the band the KLF.
Cuisine
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Lancashire is the origin of the Lancashire hotpot, a casserole dish traditionally made with lamb. Other traditional foods from the area include:
- Black peas, also known as parched peas: popular in Darwen, Bolton and Preston.
- Bury black pudding has long been associated with the county. The most notable brand, Chadwick's Original Bury Black Puddings, are still sold on Bury Market,[105] and are manufactured in Rossendale.
- Butter cake: slice of bread and butter.
- Butter pie: a savoury pie containing potatoes, onion and butter. Usually associated with Preston.
- Clapbread: a thin oatcake made from unleavened dough cooked on a griddle.
- Chorley cakes: from the town of Chorley.
- Eccles cakes are small, round cakes filled with currants and made from flaky pastry with butter, originally made in Eccles.
- Fag pie: pie made from chopped dried figs, sugar and lard. Associated with Blackburn and Burnley, where it was the highlight of Fag Pie Sunday (Mid-Lent Sunday).
- Fish and chips: the first fish and chip shop in northern England opened in Mossley, near Oldham, around 1863.[106]
- Frog-i'-th'-'ole pudding: now known as "toad in the hole"
- Frumenty: sweet porridge. Once a popular dish at Lancashire festivals, such as Christmas and Easter Monday.
- Goosnargh cakes: small flat shortbread biscuits with coriander or caraway seeds pressed into the biscuit before baking.[107] Traditionally baked on feast days like Shrove Tuesday.
- Jannock: cake or small loaf of oatmeal. Allegedly introduced to Lancashire (possibly weavers of Flemishorigin.
- Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status.[109]
- Lancashire Flat Cake: A lemon flavoured sponge cake, traditionally made with a couple too many eggs, best eaten after being chilled.
- Lancashire oatcake, resembling a large oval pancake, eaten either moist or dried
- Lancashire Sauce, a lightly spiced mustard produced by the Entwistle family of Bury
- "Stew and hard": a beef and cowheel stew with dried Lancashire oatcake
- Nettle porridge: a common starvation diet in Lancashire in the early 19th century. Made from boiled stinging nettles and sometimes a handful of meal.
- Ormskirk gingerbread: local delicacy that was sold throughout South Lancashire.
- Parkin: a ginger cake with oatmeal.
- Pobs or pobbies: bread and milk.
- Potato hotpot: a variation of the Lancashire Hotpot without meat that is also known as fatherless pie.
- Ran Dan: barley bread. A last resort for the poor at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century.
- Rag pudding: traditional suet pudding filled with minced meat, originating in Oldham.
- Throdkins: a traditional breakfast food of the Fylde.
Cinema
Whistle Down the Wind (1961) was directed by Bryan Forbes, set at the foot of Worsaw Hill and in Burnley, and starred local Lancashire schoolchildren.
The tunnel scene was shot on the old Bacup-Rochdale railway line, location 53°41'29.65"N, 2°11'25.18"W, off the A6066 (New Line) where the line passes beneath Stack Lane. The tunnel is still there, in use as an industrial unit but the railway has long since been removed.
Funny Bones (1995) was set mostly in Blackpool, after opening scenes in Las Vegas.
Media
Television
The county is covered by BBC North West and ITV Granada which broadcast from Salford. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter.[111] A small part of East Lancashire around Barnoldswick and Earby is served by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire broadcasting from Leeds. This area is served by a local transmitter in Skipton which is relayed from the Emley Moor TV transmitter.[112]
Radio
BBC Local Radio for the county is served by BBC Radio Lancashire which broadcast from its studios in Blackburn, BBC Radio Merseyside can be heard in southern parts, BBC Radio Manchester in the east and BBC Radio Cumbria in the north. County-wide commercial stations are Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire, Capital Manchester and Lancashire, Heart North West, and Smooth North West. Community based stations are Beyond Radio (covering northwestern Lancashire), Pendle Community Radio (serving the Pendle area), Rossendale Radio (for Rossendale), and Central Radio (for The Fylde, Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas of Lancashire). [113]
Newspapers
The county is served by these local newspapers:
- Lancashire Telegraph (daily, East Lancashire, published in Blackburn)
- Lancashire Evening Post (daily, Central and Northern Lancashire, published in Fulwood, Preston)
- Accrington Observer (weekly)
- Blackpool Gazette (daily)
- Burnley Express (twice weekly)
- Clitheroe Advertiser and Times (weekly)
- Fleetwood Weekly News
- Lytham St Annes Express (weekly)
- Nelson Leader (weekly)
- Pendle Express (weekly)
- Rossendale Free Press (weekly)
- The Visitor (weekly, published in Morecambe)
The national weekly Farmers Guardian is published in Fulwood, Preston.
Places of interest
Key | |
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral | |
Accessible open space | |
Amusement/Theme Park | |
Castle | |
Country Park | |
English Heritage | |
Forestry Commission | |
Heritage railway | |
Historic House
| |
Places of Worship | |
Museum (free/not free) | |
National Trust
| |
Theatre | |
Zoo |
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county:
- Miller Park, Preston
- Bank Hall
- Blackburn Cathedral
- Blackpool Pleasure Beach
- Blackpool Tower
- Blackpool Zoo
- British Commercial Vehicle Museum, Leyland
- Brockholes (nature reserve), Preston
- Camelot Theme Park
- Clitheroe Castle
- Darwen Tower
- East Lancashire Railway
- Forest of Bowland: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
- Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham
- Harris Museum, Preston
- Helmshore Mills Textile Museum
- Hoghton Tower
- Irwell Sculpture Trail
- Lancashire Infantry Museum, Preston
- Lancaster Castle
- Lancaster Cathedral
- Lathom Park ChapelEarls of Derby
- Lytham Hall
- Leighton Moss nature reserve, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
- Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve, Burscough
- Morecambe Bay
- Museum of Lancashire, Preston
- Pendle Hill
- The Pennines
- Preston Dock
- Ribble Steam Railway, Preston
- Rivington Pike
- Rufford Old Hall
- Samlesbury Hall
- St Walburge's Church, Preston
- Jesuitpublic school
- Queen Street Mill, Burnley
- West Lancashire Light Railway
- West Pennine Moors
- Williamson Park and the Ashton Memorial
- Witton Country Park
- White Coppice
- Haigh Hall
Gallery
-
Ashton Memorial, Lancaster
-
Gawthorpe Hall, Burnley, an Elizabethan country house.
-
Blackpool Tower, completed in 1894
-
Rivington Pike, near Horwich, atop the West Pennine Moors, is one of the most popular walking destinations in the county; on a clear day the whole of the county can be viewed from here.
-
Queen Street Mill, the world's only surviving steam-driven cotton weaving shed, located in Burnley
See also
- Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire – Keepers of the Rolls
- Duke of Lancaster's Regiment – infantry regiment traditionally recruited in district
- Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
- Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire
- Healthcare in Lancashire
- High Sheriff of Lancashire
- Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency) – Historical list of MPs for Lancashire constituency
- Lancashire dialect
- Lancashire Constabulary
- Lancashire Police and Crime Commissioner
- List of collieries in Lancashire since 1854
- List of mining disasters in Lancashire
- Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire
- Scheduled monuments in Lancashire
- Roses rivalry
Notes
- ^ Harris and Thacker (1987) write on page 252: "Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm. And indeed, there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones."
- ^ Crosby, A. (1996) writes on page 31: "The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary."
- ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
- ^ includes hunting and forestry
- ^ includes energy and construction
- ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
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- ^ a b Sylvester (1980). p. 14
- ^ Morgan (1978). pp. 269c–301c,d
- ^ a b Booth, P. cited in George, D., Lancashire (1991)
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- ^ a b c George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
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Further reading
- Farrer and Brownbill, The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster Vol 1 (1906); Vol 2 (1908); Vol 3 (1907); Vol 4 (1911); Vol 5 (1911); Vol 6 (1911); Vol 7 (1911); London: Constable.
External links
- Lancashire On Line Parish Clerk an active project to transcribe and publish records of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Lancashire from the time records began in Edward VI's reign
- Traditions of Lancashire, Volume 1 (of 2), by John Roby
- Lancashire Lantern, The Lancashire Life and Times E-Resource network
- Lancashire Archives' online catalogue – over 1 million descriptions of unique historical documents, accessible to the public, which tell the county's story
- Website of the film Catch – the hold not taken, a look at the cultural significance of wrestling in Lancashire
- Lancashire County Council – MARIO (Mapping portal)
- Map of Lancashire Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Government Office for the North West
- North West Regional Minister
- Lancashire Online Forums
- Images of Lancashire Archived 5 January 2013 at the English Heritage Archive
- Lancashire Enterprise Zone Archived 13 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine