Yōga
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Yōga (洋画, literally "Western-style painting") is a style of artistic
History
Early works
European painting was introduced to Japan during the late
Rising during the Meiji Period
In 1855, the Tokugawa bakufu established the Bansho Shirabesho (Institute for the Study of Barbarian Documents), a translation and research institute for western studies, including a section to investigate western art.[4] This section was headed by Kawakami Tōgai,[1] whose assistant Takahashi Yuichi was a student of English artist Charles Wirgman. In 1868, Togai started a private art school and published A Guide to Western Style Painting (1871).[1] Takahashi is regarded by many as the first true Yōga painter.[1] Yuichi believed that Western style could help to build a Japanese national identity.[1]
In 1876, the Kobu Bijutsu Gakkō (
French artist
Japanese reaction against Yōga
In the 1880s, the general reaction against Westernization and the growth in popularity and strength of the
However, in 1889, the Meiji Bijutsukai (Meiji Fine Arts Society) was established by Yōga artists, and in 1893, the return of Kuroda Seiki from his studies in Europe gave fresh impetus to the Yōga genre, with the establishment of the Hakuba-kai (White Horse Society). From 1896, a Yōga department was added to the curriculum of the Tokyo Bijutsu Gakkō, and from that point onwards, Yōga has been an accepted component of Japanese painting. Later yōga art societies in Japan included Shunyo-kai art society (related to Nihon Bijutsuin), Teikoku Bijutsuin (the Imperial Fine Arts Academy), and the Nika Association.[5]
Since that time, Yōga and Nihonga have been the two main divisions of modern Japanese painting. This division is reflected in education, the mounting of exhibitions, and the identification of artists. However, in many cases Nihonga artists also adopted realistic Western painting techniques, such as perspective and shading. Because of this tendency to synthesize, although Nihonga forms a distinct category within the Japanese annual Nitten exhibitions, in recent years, it has become increasingly difficult to draw a distinct separation in either techniques or materials between Nihonga and Yōga.
Declining of Yōga
During the Pacific War, Yōga’s oil painters used the Western style for highlighting the Japanese War effort. In the post-war, Yōga was perceived as a conservative style linked to the Japanese establishment of the prewar.
Characteristics
Yōga has been defined by using the medium and format of the European tradition, such as oils on canvas, watercolors, pastels, and pencil on paper. However, Yōga artists were criticized abroad for lack of authenticity and originality. As an answer to these critics, between the 1920s and 1930s, Yōga painters adopted materials associated with Nihonga and premodern painting traditions for Western topics. Reclining Nude with Toile de Jouy by Foujita Tsuguharu (1886–1968) was an example of this trend. Tsuguharu combined oils with materials proper to Nihonga for the nude.[3]
Yōga in its broadest sense encompasses
See also
- List of Yōga painters
- Akita ranga - "Dutch pictures", the Edo period predecessor to yōga
- Uki-e - "floating pictures", woodblock prints utilizing western linear perspective.
- Shin-hanga - "New prints", an art movement contemporary with Yōga within the Japanese woodblock print tradition.
- Japonisme
- List of art techniques
Bibliography
- ISBN 0-231-11435-4
- Mason, Penelope. History of Japanese Art . ISBN 0-13-117602-1
- Sadao, Tsuneko. Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview. ISBN 4-7700-2939-X
- Schaarschmidt Richte. Japanese Modern Art Painting From 1910 . Edition Stemmle. ISBN 3-908161-85-1
- ISBN 0-520-22338-1
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Yōga - Concepts & Styles". The Art Story. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ "Yōga Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ a b "Three Movements You've Never Heard Of: Yōga Painting, Nabis, Juste Milieu". Artspace. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- ^ OCLC 46777379.
- ^ "Artists of Shunyo-kai: Celebrating Its 100th Anniversary". Tokyo Station. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
External links
Media related to Yōga at Wikimedia Commons