Zhulong (mythology)
Zhuyin | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Zhúyīn | | |
Wade–Giles | Chu-yin |
Zhulong
Names
The key word in the names "Zhuyin" and "Zhulong" is
In the Chu Ci, Zhulong is also rendered as Chuolong, which can variously mean "Distant" or "Quarrelsome Dragon", and as Zhuolong, variously "Outstanding" or "Departed Dragon". According to present reconstructions, these variant characters 逴 (now chuò) and 趠 (now zhuó) sounded closer to the pronunciation of 燭 in old Chinese, although not homophonous.
Early textual references
The names "Zhuyin" and "Zhulong" appear in
Classic of Mountains and Seas
The Classic of Mountains and Seas (c. 3rd century BCE - 1st century CE) records parallel myths about Zhuyin and Zhulong.
"The Classic of Regions Beyond the Seas: The North" section (8) describes Zhuyin on Bell Mountain 鍾山, Zhōngshān):
The deity of Mount Bell is named Torch Shade. When this deity's eyes look out there is daylight, and when he shuts his eyes there is night. When he blows it is winter, and when he calls out it is summer. He neither drinks, nor eats, nor breathes. If this god does breathe, there are gales. His body is a thousand leagues long. Torch Shade is east of the country of Nolegcalf, which "lies East of Longtigh country". Nolegcalf "people have no calves on their legs".[4][citation needed] He has a human face and a snake's body, and he is scarlet in colour. The god lives on the lower slopes of Mount Bell.[2]
Guo Pu (276-324 CE)'s commentary on this passage is:
'Enlightener' is a dragon; he enlightens the nine yin (darknesses, i.e. the nine points of the compass at the opposite, dark side of the earth, which is a flat disk; these nine points are North, South, East, West, North-east, North-west, South-east, South-west, and the Centre)".[5]
"The Classic of the Great Wilderness: The North" section (17) describes Zhulong living on Mount Brillianttail (章尾山, Zhāngwěishān):
Beyond the northwest seas, north of the River Scarlet there is Mount Brillianttail. There is a god-human here with a human face and a snake's body, and he is scarlet. He has vertical eyes that are in a straight seam. When this deity closes his eyes, there is darkness. When the deity looks with his eyes, there is light. He neither eats, nor sleeps, nor breathes. The wind and the rain are at his beck and call. This deity shines his torch over the ninefold darkness. This deity is Torch Dragon.[1]
Guo Pu quotes a legend from a no longer extant
Songs of Chu
The
The "Heavenly Questions" section (3, cf. Bashe) asks about Zhulong in a line variously translated:
- "What land does the sun not shine on and how does the Torch Dragon light it?"[7]
- "Where does the sun not rise, How does the Torch Dragon flame?"[8]
- "The Torch Dragon flares where the sun does not reach [where? how?]"[9]
The "
Huainanzi
The Huainanzi (2nd century BCE) has a section called the "Treatise on Topography" (4) that refers to Zhulong:
The Torch Dragon dwells north of Wild Goose Gate. He hides himself in Abandoned Wings Mountain and never sees the sun. This god has a human face and a dragon body, but no feet.[11]
Gao You (fl. 200 CE) composed a commentary on the Huainanzi that explains[12] "Weiyu is the name of a mountain … in the shade of the northern limit, the sun cannot be seen." Mount Weiyu (委羽), notes Major, might mean "abandoned wings," "broken wings," "shed feathers," or something else.
Records of Penetration into the Mysteries
The Records of Penetration into the Mysteries (
… in the year 99 before our era the emperor Wu convoked a meeting of magicians and learned men, at which Tung Fang-soh spoke as follows: "I made a journey to the north pole, and came to a mountain planted with fire, which neither the sun, nor the moon ever illumines, but which is lighted to its uttermost bounds by a blue dragon by means of a torch which it holds in its jaws. I found in that mountain gardens, fields, and parks with ponds, all studded with strange trees and curious plants, and with shrubs which had luminiferous stalks, seeming at night to be lamps of gold. These stalks could be broken off and used as torches, in the light of which the spectres were visible. Ning-fung the immortal had always eaten this plant, the consequence being that in the darkness of the night there beamed light out of his belly. It is called the herb which pierces darkness.[14]
This namesake torch-like plant is called the "herb of penetration into the mysteries" (洞冥草, dòngmíngcǎo).
Interpretations
Zhulong or Zhuyin was not the only serpent-bodied celestial deity in Chinese folklore. Other examples include Pangu, Fuxi, Nüwa and Gonggong. Major describes the Torch Dragon as "well-known in early Chinese mythology" and suggests it is probably "a mythical interpretation of the aurora borealis".[15] Others consider it to embody sunlight. Carr[16] cites a Chinese-language article by Kwang-chih Chang characterizing it with the Eastern Zhou "Transformation Thesis" that natural elements transform out of the bodily parts of mythical creatures.
In popular culture
- M.P.C. 115895).[18]
References
- Anonymous (2000). The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Translated by Birrell, Anne (illustrated ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9780140447194.
- The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. Translated by Hawkes, David. Penguin. 1985.
- Major, John S. (1993). Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438411736.
- Visser, Marinus Willern de (2008) [1913]. The Dragon in China and Japan. Introduction by Loren Coleman. ISBN 9781605204093.
Footnotes
- ^ a b Birrell 2000, p. 188.
- ^ a b Birrell 2000, p. 121.
- ^ Visser 1913, pp. 62-3.
- ^ Birrell 2000.
- ^ Tr. Visser 1913, p. 62.
- ^ Tr. Major 1993, p. 204.
- ^ Hawkes 1985, p. 128.
- ^ Field, Stephen, tr. 1986. Tian Wen, A Chinese Book of Origins. New Directions. p. 44.
- ^ Major 1993, p. 203.
- ^ Hawkes 1985, p. 234.
- ^ Tr. Major 1993, p. 196 n. 29.
- ^ Tr. Major 1993, p. 163.
- ^ Smith, Thomas E. 2008. "Dongming ji 洞冥記 Records of Penetration into the Mysteries", in The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, (367–368) p. 368.
- ^ Tr. Groot, J.J.M. de. 1910. The Religious System of China 6. E. J. Brill. 6:1167.
- ^ Major 1993, pp. 203-4.
- ^ Carr, Michael. 1990. "Chinese Dragon Names", Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 13.2:87-189. p. 155.
- ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 472235 Zhulong (2014 GE45)" (2016-03-09 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
Further reading
- Eberhard, Wolfram. 1968. The Local Cultures of South and East China. E. J. Brill.
External links
- 燭龍, 中國上古神話 (in Chinese)