Участник:MagAragorn/Список российских изобретений

enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventions

Хронология российских изобретений охватывает ключевые события в истории технологического развития России, начиная с периода древних славян и заканчивая Российской Федерацией.

Записи в этой хронологии можно разделить на следующие категории:

• Основные изобретения, например пассажирский самолет, искусственный спутник Земли, межконтинентальные баллистические ракеты
• Продукты и объекты, которые находятся и производятся только в России, например
  русская водка
• Изобретения с уникальными характеристиками, такие как
  AK-47, и подводные лодки проекта 941 "Акула"
• Научные и медицинские открытия, например
  периодическая таблица, атмосфера Венеры, и вирусы

Ряженка

• Это традиционное блюдо русской кухни, которое готовили в русской печи. Оно практически неизвестно в неславянских странах. В английском языке даже нет прямого аналога для перевода. Предлагают использовать англ. baked milk (печёное молоко), но на практике этот термин почти не встречается. У тюркских народов из аналога топлёного молока делают катык. Основное различие в том, что топлёное молоко выдерживается несколько часов в сильно нагретом состоянии без постоянного кипячения, часто в закрытой посуде, а заготовка для катыка подвергается длительному кипячению в открытой посуде, что способствует интенсивному выпариванию до 1/3 первоначального объёма.^[1]

Баня

• Баня  — помещение, оборудованное для мытья человека с одновременным действием пара . Часто в это понятие вкладывается весь комплекс действий, осуществляемых человеком в бане или связанных с ней. Баня оказывает помощь имунной системе, что способствовало здоровью славян^[2][3]

Блины

• Русские блины — традиционное блюдо восточных славян, национальный вариант блинов. Русские блины готовятся на дрожжевом тесте и часто завариваются в воде или молоке (заварные блины) перед выпечкой в традиционной русской печи.

Гусли

• Гусли  — струнный музыкальный инструмент, распространён в России. Является наиболее древним русским струнным щипковым музыкальным инструментом.Впоследствии гусли использовали для своих выступлений скоморохи.^[4]

Изба

• Изба — деревянный срубный (бревенчатый) жилой дом в сельской лесистой местности России. Вне избы часто украшены различными специальными архитектурными особенностями, например, богатой резьбой по дереву в качестве украшения на окнах. Такие декоративные элементы и использование русской печи еще широко распространены во многих современных российских загородных домах.^[5]

Косоворотка

• A kosovorotka is a Russian skewed-collared shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to mid-thigh, a traditional top garment going back to ancient times. The name derived from koso (askew), and vorot (collar), since the collar of this shirt appears skewed when it is left unbuttoned. The collar and sleeves of kosovorotka were often decorated with a traditional Slavic ornamentation. It was worn by peasants and townsmen of various social categories until the early 20th century, until it was replaced by less elaborate clothing. The garment is also known as a tolstovka, or the Tolstoy-shirt, because the writer Count Leo Tolstoy customarily wore one in the later years of his life. Now kosovorotkas appear mostly as souvenirs and as decorative garments in Russian folk art ensembles.^[6]

Лапти

• Лапти — низкая обувь, распространённая на Руси в старину, и бывшая в широком употреблении в сельской местности до 1930-х, сплетённая из древесного лыка (липовые, вязовые и другие), берёсты или пеньки. Для прочности подошву подплетали лозой, лыком, верёвкой или подшивали кожей^[2]. ^[7]

Щи

• Щи — суп, заправленный капустой,щавелём и другой зеленью».^[8]

Сметана

• Сметана  — кисломолочный продукт, получаемый из сливок и закваски. По степени жирности варьируется от 10 до 58 %. Сметана представляет собой сливки, подвергшиеся молочнокислому брожению. Традиционный продукт французской и славянской кухни. В новейшее время простота получения привела к широкому распространению сметаны в других странах. Продукт используется не только в гастрономии, но и в домашних косметических средствах.

Архитектура Киевской Руси

Первые церкви Киевской Руси были декорированы фресками и мозаикой, а строили их византийские мастера. Самые крупные церкви Киевской Руси были построены после принятия христианства в 988, и были первыми примерами такой архитектуры у восточнославянских славян. Раньше церкви строили из дерева. В десятом веке в Киеве была построена первая на Руси каменная церковь.

Кокошник

• Кокошник  — старинный русский головной убор в виде гребня (опахала, полумесяца или округлого щита) вокруг головы, символ русского традиционного костюма.

989 Квас / Окрошка

• Квас  — традиционный славянский кислый напиток, который готовят на основе брожения из муки и солода (пшеничного, ячменного) или из сухого ржаного хлеба, иногда с добавлением пахучих трав, мёда, вощины; также приготовляется из свёклы, фруктов, ягод. Раньше он нередко служил основой холодных похлёбок. Квас был основным хмельным напитком на праздниках и свадьбах.

989 Крестово-купольный храм

• Крестово-купольный храм является типичной формой русской церковной архитектуры, которая отличает Россию от других православных народов и христианских конфессий. Действительно самые ранние русские церкви, построенные сразу после принятия христианства на Киевской Руси, были с несколькими куполами. А именно, это были 13-купольный деревянный Софийский собор в Новгороде (989) и 25-купольная каменная Десятинная церковь в Киеве (989-996 гг). Количество куполов обычно имеет символическое значение в русской архитектуре, например 13 куполов символизируют Христа с 12 апостолами, а 25 куполов означает то же самое с еще 12 пророков из Ветхого Завета. Несколько куполов русских церквей часто были сделаны из дерева и были сравнительно меньше, чем византийские купола.^[9][10]

997 Кисель

• Кисель — это десерт, который состоит из подслащенного сока, как правило из ягод, загущенного овса, кукурузного или картофельного крахмала, с красным вином. Десерт может быть подан горячий или холодный. Кисель был упомянут впервые в Повести временных лет, где он образует часть истории о том, как в осаде русский город был спасен от кочевых печенегов.^[11][12]

Берестяные грамоты

• Берестяная грамота — это документ, написанный на кусках бересты. Эта форма написания материала была разработана независимо несколькими древними культурами. На Руси использование специально подготовленной бересты в качестве дешевой замены для пергамента или бумаги получила широкое распространение вскоре после христианизации страны. Самые ранние русские берестяные документы (вероятно, написанные в первой четверти 11-го века) ​​были найдены в Великом Новгороде. В общей сложности, были обнаружены более 1000 таких документов, большинство из них в Новгороде и остальные в других древних городов России, Украины и Белоруссии. Многие берестяные грамоты были написаны простыми людьми, а не духовенством или знатью. В связи с эти некоторые историки предполагают, что до монгольского нашествия на Руси уровень грамотности в стране, возможно, был значительно выше, чем в современной Западной Европе.^[13]

Коч / Ледокол

• Коч был древней формой ледокола, он состоял из одного или двух небольших деревянных парусных судов с мачтой, использовался для рейсов в ледовых условиях арктических морей и сибирских рек. Коч был разработан российскими поморами в 11 веке, когда они начали селиться на берегах Белого моря. Корпус Коча был защищен поясом стойкого скин-настила (из дуба или лиственницы) вдоль ватерлинии, и имел фальшкиль для возможности на льду тащить его волоком. Если Коч был в опасности оказаться в ловушке ледяных полей, его округлые формы ниже поверхности позволяли кораблю быть вытолкнутым вверх из воды и на лед без повреждения. В 19 веке аналогичные защитные функции были приняты для современных ледоколов.^[14]

Гудок

• Гудок является древним восточнославянским струнным музыкальным инструментом, на нем играют смычком. Как правило имеет три струны, две из них настроены в унисон и играли как гул, третья настроена выше. Иногда в гудке также было несколько дополнителных струн (до восьми) под декой. Они делали звучание гудка теплым и богатым. Также можно было играть стоя или танцевать, что сделало его популярным среди скоморохов. Название Гудок происходит от 17-го века, однако тот же тип инструмента существовал с 11-го по 16-го век, но назывался смык.^[15]

Медовуха

• Медовуха — старый славянский напиток на основе алкогольных напитков, содержащий мед. С давних времен славяне экспортируют медовуху как роскошный продукт в Европу в огромных количествах. Брожение происходит естественно от 15 до 50 лет, в результате чего изделие было очень дорого и доступно только для дворянства. Тем не менее, в 11 веке восточные славяне обнаружили, что брожение происходит гораздо быстрее, когда медовуху нагревают, что позволило ей стать стать широко доступным напитком на территории Руси. В 14 веке, изобретение дистилляции позволило создать прототип современной медовухи, однако водка была изобретена в то же время и постепенно превзошла медовуху в популярности.^[16]

1048 Кулачный бой

• Кулачный бой это древний русский боевой спорт, в основном похожий на современный бокс. Тем не менее, он имеет некоторые особенности. Правительство и Русская Православная Церковь часто пытались запретить бои, однако кулачный бой оставался популярным до 19-го века, в то время как в 20-м веке некоторые из старых методов были приняты для современных российских боевых искусств.^[11][17]

Pernach

• The pernach was a type
  Europe. The name comes from the Russian word перо (pero) meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled an arrow with fletching. The most popular variety of pernach had six flanges and was called shestopyor (from Russian shest' and pero, that is six-feathered). Pernach was the first form of the flanged mace to find wide usage. It was perfectly suited to defeat plate armour and plate mail. In later times it was often used as a symbol of power by military leaders in Eastern Europe.^[18]

Shashka

• The shashka is a special kind of
  Cossacks.^[19]

Treshchotka

• The treshchotka, sometimes referred in plural as treshchotki, is a Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping. Basically it is a set of small boards on a string that get clapped together as a group. There are no known documents confirming the usage of the treshchotka in ancient Russia, however, the remnants of what might have been the earliest 12th century treshchotka were recently found in Novgorod.^[20]

1149 Bear spear

• The bear spear or rogatina was a medieval type of spear used in bear hunting and also to hunt other large animals, like wisents and war horses. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had the form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped to fix the spear in the body of an animal. Often it was placed against the ground on its rear point, which made it easier to absorb the impact of the attacking beast. The Russian chronicles first mention rogatina as a military weapon in the year 1149, and as a hunting weapon in the year 1255.^[21]

Sokha

• The sokha is a light wooden plough which could be pulled by one horse. Its origin was in northern Russia, most likely in the Novgorod Republic, where it was used as early as in the 13th century. A characteristic feature of sokha construction is the bifurcated plowing tip (рассоха), so that a sokha has two plowshares, later made of metal, which cut the soil. The sokha is an evolution of a scratch-plough by an addition of a spade-like detail which turns the cut soil over (in regular ploughs the curved mouldboard both cuts and turns the soil).^[22]

Pelmeni

• Pelmeni is a dish originating from
  dumplings and brought it to Siberia and Eastern Europe.^[23]

Onion dome

• The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of the type date from the 16th century; illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.^[24]

Lapta

• Lapta is a
  baseball. The game is played outside on a field the size of 20 x 25 sazhens (about 140 x 175 feet). Points are earned by hitting the ball, served by a player of the opposite team, and sending it as far as possible, then running across the field to the kon line, and if possible running back to the gorod line. The running player should try to avoid being hit with the ball, which is thrown by opposing team members. The most ancient balls and bats for lapta were found in 14th-century layers during excavations in Novgorod.^[25]

Zvonnitsa

• A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple archs or beams that carry bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of Russia and some Eastern European countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church building, resulting in the special type of church called pod zvonom ("under ringing") or izhe pod kolokoly ("under bells"). The most famous example of this type of a church is the Church of St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin.^[26][27]

Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language.

1376 Sarafan

• The sarafan is a long, shapeless
  folk costume for performing Russian folk songs and folk dancing. Plain sarafans are still designed and worn today as a summer-time light dress.^[28][29]

• Kholui miniature

Bardiche

• The bardiche was a long poleaxe, that is a type of weapon combining the features of an axe and a polearm, known primarily in Eastern Europe where it was used instead of halberds. Occasionally such weapons were made in Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, but the regular and widespread usage of bardiches started in early 15th century Russia. It was probably developed from the Scandinavian broad axe, but in Scandinavia it appeared only in the late 15th century. In the 16th century the bardiche became a weapon associated with the streltsy, Russian guardsmen armed with firearms, who used bardiches to rest handguns upon when firing.^[30]

Boyar hat

• The boyar hat, also known as gorlatnaya hat, was a
  brocade on top and a main body made of fox, marten or sable fur. Today the hat is sometimes used in the Russian fashion.^[31]

Gulyay-gorod

• The gulyay-gorod (literally "wandering town") was a mobile fortification made from large wall-sized prefabricated shields set on wagons or sleds, a development of the wagon fort concept. The usage of installable shields instead of permanently armoured wagons was cheaper and allowed more possible configurations to be assembled. Such mobile structures were used mostly in the open steppe, where few natural shelters could be found. The wide-scale usage of gulyay-gorod started during the Russo-Kazan Wars, and later it was often used by the Ukrainian Cossacks.^[32]

Ukha

• Ukha is a Russian soup, made with
  cod, root vegetables, parsley root, leek, potato, bay leaf, lime, dill, green parsley and spiced with black pepper, cinnamon and cloves. Fish like perch, tenches, sheatfish and burbot were used to add flavour to the soup. Ukha as a name in the Russian cuisine for fish broth was established only in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. In earlier times this name was first given to thick meat broths, and then later chicken. Beginning from the 15th century, fish was used more and more often to prepare ukha, thus creating a dish that had a distinctive taste among soups.^[33]

Russian oven

• The Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of oven/furnace that first appeared in the early 15th century. The Russian oven is usually placed in the centre of the izba, a traditional Russian dwelling, and plays an immense role in the traditional Russian culture and way of life. It is used both for cooking and domestic heating and is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the oven is constructed. In winter people may sleep on top of the oven to keep warm. As well as warming and cooking, the Russian oven can be used for washing. A grown man can easily fit inside, and during the Great Patriotic War some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in ovens. Porridge or pancakes prepared in such an oven may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in a traditional Russian oven can be called "languor" - holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian oven include baked milk, pearl barley, mushrooms cooked in sour cream, or even a simple potato.^[34][35]

Rassolnik

• Rassolnik is a Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley and pork or beef kidneys, though a vegetarian version also exists. The dish is known from the 15th century, when it was initially called kalya. The key part of rassolnik is rassol, a liquid based on the juice of pickled cucumbers with some additions, famous for its usage in hangover treatment.^[36]

c. 1430

• Russian vodka is perhaps the world's most famous national brand of
  Moscow from the late 14th century and was used to produce spirit, the precursor of vodka. According to Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin, the first original recipe of Russian vodka was produced around 1430 by a monk called Isidore from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin.^[37]

Kokoshnik (architecture)

• The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults.^[38]

1510-е Tented roof masonry

• The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the
  spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Alexandrov, built in the 1510s.^[39]

1530 Middle Muscovite

Russian abacus

• The Russian abacus or schety (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia from the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century.^[40]

1552 Battery-tower

• The battery-tower is a late type of
  Cossacks.^[41]

1561 Saint Basil's Cathedral

• Saint Basil's Cathedral is perhaps the most famous
  Moscow and Russia. It was designed by Postnik Yakovlev on the order of Ivan IV of Russia and built on the Moscow's Red Square in 1555–1561, to commemorate the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. The unique feature of the Saint Basil's Cathedral is the fact that it is a complex of multiple temples put together. The original building, known as "Trinity Cathedral", contained eight side churches covered with onion domes and arranged around the ninth, central tented roof church of Intercession; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local Fool Vasily (Basil). In the 16th and the 17th centuries the cathedral, perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heavenly City, was popularly known as "Jerusalem" and served as an allegory of the Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the Tsar. Its striking design, shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky, has no analogues elsewhere in the world, and it was seldom reproduced in Russian architecture, most notably in the St. Peter's and Paul Cathedral in Petergof and in the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg.^[42][43]

1566 Great Abatis Line

• The Great Abatis Line, or Bolshaya Zasechnaya Cherta in Russian, was the largest fortification line of the
  Moscow between the Bryansk woods and Meschera swamps starting from the 12th century, and was officially completed in 1566, exceeding 1000 km in length.^[44]

1586 Царь-Пушка

• The Tsar Cannon is an enormous cannon, commissioned in 1586 by Russian Tsar Feodor and cast by Andrey Chokhov. It is the largest bombard by caliber. The cannon weighs 39.312 metric tonnes and has a length of 5,34 м (17,5 фута). Its bronze-cast barrel has a calibre of 890 мм (35,0 ″), and an external diameter of 1200 мм (47,2 ″). Along with a new carriage, the 2 ton cannonballs surrounding the cannon were added in 1835 and are larger than the diameter of its barrel; in fact, it was originally designed to fire 800 kg stone grapeshot. The cannon is decorated with reliefs, including one depicting Tsar Feodor on a horse, hence the name of the cannon, though now the word Tsar is associated more with the supreme size of the weapon. Several copies of the cannon were made in the 21st century and installed in Donetsk and several Russian cities, while the original Tsar Cannon is in the Moscow Kremlin.^[45][46]

Bochka roof

• The bochka roof or simply bochka (рус. бочка, barrel) is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with an elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, the bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in Russian Revival style buildings.^[47]

Gorodki

• Gorodki or townlets is an old Russian
  folk sport whose popularity has spread also to Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Similar to bowling, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles arranged in some pattern by throwing a bat at them. The skittles, or pins, are called gorodki (literally little cities or townlets), and the square zone in which they are arranged is called the gorod (city). The game is mentioned in the old Russian chronicles and was known in the form close to the modern one at least from the 17th century, since one of the famous players in gorodki was the young Peter I of Russia.^[48]

Russian Mountains

• Russian Mountains were winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall, being the predecessor to the modern roller coaster. Known from the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 70 and 80 feet, consisted of a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. In the 18th century they were especially popular in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas, from where by the late 18th century their usage and popularity spread to Europe. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of tracks, like in the Katalnaya Gorka built in Catherine II's residence in Oranienbaum. The first such wheeled ride was brought to Paris in 1804 under the name Les Montagnes Russes (French for "Russian Mountains"), and the term Russian Mountains continues to be a synonym for roller coaster in many countries today.^[49]

Bird of Happiness

• The Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by Pomors, the inhabitants of the White and Barents Sea coastline. The Bird of Happiness is made without glue or other fasteners, by elaborate carving of thin petals for the bird’s wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them. Similar methods are also used in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or Siberian cedar. It is suspended inside a house, guarding the family hearth and well-being.^[50]

Dymkovo toy

• Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted
  pennywhistle). It is an old Russian folk handicraft which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called свистунья (svistunya), or whistler. The first recorded mention of this event took place in 1811, however it is believed to have existed for some 400 years, thus dating the history of Dymkovo toy at least from the 17th century.^[51][52]

Troika

• The troika (тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. In addition to that, the troika is the world's only multiple harness with different horse gaits – the middle horse trots and the side horses canter. At full speed a troika could reach Шаблон:Convert/Dual/LoffAoffDbSoff, which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th-19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride. The troika was developed from the late 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail, and having become common by the late 18th century. It was often used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads and people over long distances.^[53][54]

1630 Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles.

1659 Khokhloma

• Khokhloma is the name of a Russian wood painting
  metal-like and glamorous. It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century, at least from 1659, in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and was named after the large trade settlement Khokhloma. The handicraft owes its origin to the Old Believers, who, fleeing from persecutions of officials, took refuge in local woods and taught some of the icon painting techniques to the local craftsmen, such as the usage of a goldish color without applying real gold. Nowadays khokhloma is one of the symbols of Russia, and apart from its usage in making tableware, furniture and souvenirs, it can be found in the wider context, for example in paintings on Russian airliners.^[55]

1685 Tula gingerbread

• The Tula gingerbread is a type of printed gingerbread from the city of Tula, the most known kind of Russian gingerbreads. Usually the Tula gingerbread looks like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Modern Tula gingerbreads usually contain jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made with honey. The first mention of the Tula gingerbread is in Tula сensus book of 1685.^[56]

1688 Balalaika

• The balalaika is a stringed instrument with a characteristic triangular body and 3 strings (or sometimes 6, in 3 courses), perhaps the best-known national Russian musical instrument. The balalaika family of instruments includes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest, the prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. The earliest mention of balalaika is found in a 1688 document, and initially it was an instrument of skomorokhs (sort of Russian free-lance musical jesters). In the 1880s the modern standard balalika was developed by Vasily Andreev, who also started a tradition of balalaika orchestras, which finally led to the popularity of the instrument in many countries outside Russia.^[57]

Glass-holder

• The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal, that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (pl.) is to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states.

1693

• Naryshkin Baroque. Also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.

Table-glass

• The table-glass or granyonyi stakan (literally faceted glass) is a type of
  glass, having a faceted form. Granyonyi stakan has certain advantages over the other drinkware, since due to its form and hardness it is more difficult to break. It is arguably handier in usage on moving trains or rolling ships, where it is less prone to tip and fall, or slip from hands, and less likely to break upon hitting the floor. A legend says that the first known Russian faceted glass was given as a present to Tsar Peter the Great from a glass-maker called Yefim Smolin, living in Vladimir Oblast. He boasted to Tsar that his glass couldn't be broken. Tsar Peter liked the present, however, after drinking some alcoholic beverage from it, he threw the glass on the ground and managed to break it. Still Peter didn't punish the glass-maker, and the production of such glasses continued, while the Russian tradition of breaking drinkware on certain occasions originated from that episode.^[58]

1704 Decimal currency

• The decimal currency is a type of currency that is based on one basic unit and a sub-unit which is a power of 10, typically 100. Most modern currencies adhere to this pattern. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after decimalisation of its financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter the Great, when Russian ruble was made equal to 100 kopecks.^[59]

1717 Metal lathe compound slide

• by Andrey Nartov. A compound slide on a metal lathe adds the ability to turn tapers more easily, and may be used to turn more precise diameters. They are a standard feature of modern manually operated lathes.

1718 Yacht club

• The yacht club is a sports
  Ireland, founded in 1720. Both clubs have gone through periods of dormancy and undergone various name changes.^[60][61]

1725 Rebar

• Rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebar was known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebar were used in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov between 1725-1732. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.^[62]

1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod

• The cast iron cupola was a type of
  Benjamin Franklin, however it is not known whether that was intentional.^[62]

1733 Peter and Paul Cathedral

• The Peter and Paul Cathedral is a
  Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral is the burial place of all Russian Emperors from Peter I to Nicholas II, with the exception of Peter II. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's tallest Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Orthodox Church in the world.^[63]

1735 Tsar Bell

• The Tsar Bell, also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol or Royal Bell, is a huge
  m (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 m (21.6 ft). It was founded from bronze by masters Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733–1735. The bell, however, was never rung because of a fire in 1737, when a huge slab (11.5 tons) cracked off while it was still in the casting pit. In 1836, the bell was placed on a stone pedestal next to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door. According to the legend, on Judgement Day the Tsar Bell will be miraculously repaired and lifted up to heaven, where it will ring the blagovest (call to prayer).^[46]

1739 Ice palace

1741 Quick-firing gun

• by Andrey Nartov

1754 Coaxial rotor / Model helicopter

• by Mikhail Lomonosov^[64]

1757 Licorne (Russian field gun)

• by M.W. Danilov and S.A. Martynov

1761 Atmosphere of Venus

• Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg.

1762 Off-axis reflecting telescope

• by Mikhail Lomonosov

1770 Amber Room

• The Amber Room in the
  Nazi Germany, brought to Königsberg and lost in the chaos at the end of the war. In 1979-2003 Russian craftsmen again reconstructed the Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, while the location of the original one is still a mystery.^[65][66]

1770 Thunder Stone

• The largest stone ever moved by man, used a base for a statue.

1776 Orenburg shawl

1778 Russian samovar

• In 1778 the Lisitsyn brothers introduced their first samovar design, and the same year they registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia.^[67]

• 
  The Transportation of the Thunder-stone in the Presence of Catherine II. Engraving by I.F.Schley of the drawing by Yury Felten. 1770.
• 
  A typical samovar

1784 Orlov Trotter

• by Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov

• 
  Orlov Trotter, considered the fastest for most of the 19th century.

Russian guitar

• by Andrei Sychra

Valenki

1793

• The screw drive elevator is an elevator that uses a screw drive system instead of a hoist, like it was in the earlier elevators. The invention of the screw drive was the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, which finally led to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first such elevator was invented by
  London.^[68]

1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art

1796 Peaked cap

• The peaked cap has been worn by Russian Army officers as a type of forage cap since 1796 by some regiments, and from 1811 by the most of the army.

• 
  A seven-string Russian guitar
• 
  Russian soldiers in peaked caps.

• Kargopol toys
• Filimonovo toys
• Gorodets painting
• Rushnik is a ritual cloth embroidered with symbols and cryptograms of the ancient world.

1802 Modern powdered milk

1802 Electric arc

• by
  Humphry Davy

1803 Arc welding

• by Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov

1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs).

• 
  Electric arc.
• 
  Early 19th Century depiction by

  Aleksander Orłowski

1811 Sailor cap

1812 Naval mine

• by Pavel Schilling

1814 Beehive frame

• by Petro Prokopovych

• 
  Russian Navy's sailor cap.
• 
  Beehive frame filled with honey.

1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.

1820 Monorail

• The so-called "Road on Pillars" near
  Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages, built by Ivan Elmanov.^[69]

1825 Zhostovo painting

1828 Electromagnetic telegraph

• by Pavel Schilling^[70]

1829 Three bolt diving equipment

• by E. K. Gauzen^[71][72]

1832 Data recording equipment

• Semen Korsakov was reputedly the first to use the punched cards in informatics for information storage and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use.

1835 Centrifugal fan

• by Alexander Sablukov

1838 Electrotyping

• by Boris Jacobi^[73]

1839 Electric boat

• by Boris Jacobi

1839 Galvanoplastic sculpture

• by Boris Jacobi and Heinrich Lenz^[73]

• 
  The search of data on Semen Korsakov's punched card, a part of the machine called linear homeoscope.
• 
  Components of a centrifugal fan.

1847 Field anesthesia

• by Nikolay Pirogov

1848 Modern oil well

• by Vasily Semyonov^[74]

• 
  19th century oil wells near Baku.

1850s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon.

1851 Struve Geodetic Arc

• by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

1851 Russian Railway Troops

1854 Modern field surgery

• By Nikolay Pirogov

1857-1861 Theory of chemical structure

• By Alexander Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas, the discoverer of Hexamine and the discoverer of the Formose reaction.

1857 Radiator

• A radiator is a heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating. The first historical application of radiator was in central heating systems. The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli, a Polish-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, between 1855-1857.^[75][76]

1858 Saint Isaac's Cathedral

• Saint Isaac's Cathedral is the largest
  Auguste de Montferrand, the Cathedral is a masterpiece of the late classicism, built between 1818-1858. Multiple innovations were used during construction, such as the giant cast iron dome, special frameworks to erect columns, and the first usage of galvanoplastic sculpture in architecture.^[77]

1859 Aluminothermy

• By Nikolay Beketov

• 
  An old-style household radiator.
• 
  Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

1860s Russian salad

• by
  Lucien Olivier

1861 Beef Stroganoff

1864 Modern icebreaker

• An icebreaker is a special-purpose
  metal-hulled icebreaker of the modern type was the Russian Pilot, built in 1864 on orders of the merchant and shipbuilder Mikhail Britnev. It had the bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). This allowed the Pilot to push itself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of the old wooden Pomor kochs, which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and Barents Sea for centuries.^[78]

1869 Periodic table of the elements

• by Dmitri Mendeleev

• 
  Russian salad.
• 
  Beef Stroganoff.

Gymnasterka

• The gymnasterka was originally introduced into the Tsarist army about 1870 for wear by regiments stationed in Turkestan during the hot summers.^[79] It took the form of a loose fitting white linen "shirt-tunic" and included the coloured shoulder-boards of the green tunic worn during the remainder of the year. The gymnasterka was taken into use by all branches of the Imperial Army at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Originally intended for working dress during peace-time and patterned on the traditional Russian peasant smock, the gymnasterka was subsequently adopted for ordinary duties and active service wear. It was worn as such by non-commissioned ranks in summer during the 1890s and early 1900s. The officers' equivalent was a white double breasted tunic or kitel. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 the white gymnasterka with its red or blue shoulder-boards proved too conspicuous against modern weaponry and the garments were often dyed various shades of khaki.^[80] The smartness and comfort of the white gymnasterka enabled it to survive for a few more years of peacetime wear until a light khaki version was adopted in 1907-09 and worn during World War I.

1872 Electric lamp

• By Alexander Lodygin. In 1872 he applied for a Russian patent for his filament lamp. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France, and Belgium. For a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod, placed under a bell-glass.

1873 Odhner Arithmometer

• by
  Willgodt Theophil Odhner

1873 Armored cruiser

• General-Admiral by Andrei Alexandrovich Popov

1876 Yablochkov candle

• Invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov, the Yablochkov candle was the first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp.

1877 Torpedo boat tender

• by Stepan Makarov

1877

• by Fyodor Blinov^[81]

1878 Cylindrical oil tank

• by Vladimir Shukhov

1879 Modern oil tanker

• by Ludvig Nobel

• 
  Gymnasterka of sergeant of Red Army (1935)
• 
  W. T. Odhner's arithmometer
• 
  Yablochkov candles illuminating a music hall in Paris.
• 
  An old cylindrical oil storage tank.

1880-е

Winogradsky column

• The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae.

1880 Vitamins

• By Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin (Russian Wikipedia article) ^[82]

1880 Electric tram

• by Fyodor Pirotsky

1881 Carbon arc welding

• The first arc welding method was introduced by Nikolay Benardos and later patented in 1887.^[83]

1883 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

• The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the main and largest cathedral of the
  Konstantin Thon, it is an outstanding example of the Byzantine Revival architecture. The domes of the cathedral for the first time in history were gilded using the technique of gold electroplating. The original building was demolished during the Soviet era, but was rebuilt in 1995-2000, having become a symbol of Russia's religious renaissance.^[73][84]

1888 Caterpillar farm tractor

• The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks was completed by Fyodor Blinov^[81]

1888 Shielded metal arc welding

• By Nikolay Slavyanov^[85]

1888 Photoelectric cell

• By Aleksandr Stoletov

1888 Three-phase electric power systems

• Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky was one of the first contributors to invention and development of three-phase systems like three-phase motor, three-phase generator and three-phase transformer.

1889 Mosin–Nagant rifle

• By Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, the most produced rifle of the era

• 
  Saint Petersburg

  .
• 
  Moscow, the world's tallest Orthodox church

  .
• 
  Shielded metal arc welding.

1890 Matryoshka doll

• By Sergey Malyutin and Vasily Zvyozdochkin

1890 Chemosynthesis

1891 Thermal chemical cracking

• Shukhov cracking process by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov, the first cracking method

1892

1894 Nephoscope

• By Mikhail Pomortsev

1895 Lightning detector / Radio receiver

• By Alexander Stepanovich Popov

1896 Thin-shell structure

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1896 Tensile structure

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1896 Hyperboloid structure

• By Vladimir Shukhov, see also Shukhov Tower

1897 Gridshell

• By Vladimir Shukhov

1898 Polar icebreaker

• A polar icebreaker is an
  England between 1897-1898 after Admiral Stepan Makarov's design and under his supervision. Between 1899-1911 Yermak sailed in heavy ice conditions for more than 1000 days. Starting from this vessel, Russia created the largest fleet of ocean going icebreakers in the 20th and 21st centuries.^[86]

• 
  The original matryoshka carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and painted by Sergey Malyutin.
• 
  The world's first tensile steel Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895.
• 
  The world's first hyperboloid lattice 37-meter water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896

Mstyora miniature

1901 Classical conditioning

• by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in 1904. (Also referred to as "Pavlov's dog")

1901 Chromatography

• by Mikhail Tsvet

1902 Fire fighting foam

• Fire fighting foam is foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam.^[87]

1903 Theoretical foundations of spaceflight

• By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1903 Cytoskeleton

1903 Motor ship

• The Russian tanker Vandal was the world's first diesel-powered ship.

1904 Foam extinguisher

• The foam extinguisher is a type of fire extinguisher based on fire fighting foam. It works and looks similar to the soda-acid type, but the inner parts are different. The main tank contains a solution of water, foam compound (usually made from licorice root) and sodium bicarbonate. The first such extinguisher was produced in 1904 by Aleksandr Loran, who invented fire fighting foam two years before.^[88]

1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement

• By Nikolai Korotkov

1905 Korotkov sounds

1905 Insubmersibility

• By Alexey Krylov and Stepan Makarov

1906 Electric seismometer

• By Boris Borisovich Galitzine

1907 Aerosani / Snowmobile

• Also the first successful snowmobile

1907 Bayan

1907 Church of the Savior on Blood

• The Church contains over 7500 square metres of mosaics — according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world.

• 
  A modern foam fire extinguisher.
• 
  Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope, used for auscultatory blood pressure measurement.
• 
  Bayan accordion.

1910 Synthetic rubber

• The first commercially viable form synthetic rubber, polybutadiene.^[89][90]

1910 Montage (filmmaking) or Kuleshov Effect (by Lev Kuleshov)

1910 Non-Aristotelian logic By Nikolai Vasilyev

1911 Knapsack parachute

• By Gleb Kotelnikov

1911 Hafnium

• Claimed independently by
  Georges Urbain

1911 Stanislavski's system

• A progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage.

1912 Drogue parachute

• By Gleb Kotelnikov

1913 Zaum

• Zaum (Russian: зáумь) is a word used to describe the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh.

1913 Airliner

• Igor Sikorsky

1913 Half-track

• Also known as
  Adolphe Kégresse
  .

1914 Gyrocar

• By Pyotr Shilovsky

1914 Tachanka

• By Nestor Makhno

1914 Strategic bomber

• Igor Sikorsky

1914 Aerial ramming

• By Pyotr Nesterov

1915 Activated charcoal gas mask

• By Nikolay Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner

1915 Vezdekhod

• Vezdekhod was the first prototype caterpillar tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV. It was invented by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov in 1915. The word Vezdekhod means "He who goes anywhere" or "all-terrain vehicle".

1915 Tsar Tank

• This eccentric design differed from modern tanks in that it did not use caterpillar tracks, rather it used a wheeled tricycle design. The two front spoked wheels were nearly 9 metres (27 feet) in diameter; the back wheel was smaller, only 1.5 metres (5 feet) high.

1916 Trans-Siberian Railway

• The longest railway in the world.

1916 Optophonic piano ^[91]

• Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention, the knapsack parachute.
  Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention, the knapsack parachute.
• 
  Shilovsky's

  London

  .
• 
  A modern Russian gas mask.
• 
  The Tsar Tank.

1917 Socialist realism

• A style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries.

1918 Budenovka

• By Viktor Vasnetsov

1918 Ushanka

1919

• By Léon Theremin

1919 Constructivism (art)

• An artistic and architectural philosophy which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.

• 
  The later version of the Soviet Army ushanka.
• 
  theremin

  .

1920-е Chapayev (game)

1920-е Constructivist architecture

• A form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose.

1923 Palekh miniature

• Also Russian lacquer art, Kholuy miniature, Mstyora miniature

1924 Optophonic Piano

• By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine

1924 Primordial soup theory

• By Aleksandr Oparin

1925 Interlaced video

• Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. It was first demonstrated by Léon Theremin in 1925.

1926 Graphical sound

• By Pavel Tager and Aleksandr Shorin

1927 Light-emitting diode

• by Oleg Losev

1927 Polikarpov Po-2 biplane

• The most produced biplane in the world.

1928 Rabbage

• Rabbage or Raphanobrassica, was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. It was produced by Georgii Karpechenko in 1928.

1929 Cadaveric blood transfusion

• by Sergei Yudin

1929 Pobedit

• Pobedit is a specialized alloy that is close in hardness to diamond (85-90 on the Rockwell scale). It was created in the USSR in 1929 and was used in mining, metal-cutting and as a material for special mechanical parts. Later a number of similar alloys have been developed.^[92][93]

1929 Teletank / Military robot

• 
  Troika with wolves, an example of Palekh miniature.
• 
  Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik.
• 
  Soviet TT-26 teletank, the first military robot.

Spring-loaded camming device

• by Vitaly Abalakov^[94]

Abalakov thread climbing device

• by Vitaly Abalakov^[95]

Electric rocket motor

• by Valentin Glushko

1930 Blood bank

1930 Paratrooping

• Russian Airborne Troops - the first and largest in the world

1931 Pressure suit

• by Yevgeny Chertovsky^[96]

1931 Hypergolic rocket propellants

• by Valentyn Glushko

1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine

• by Léon Theremin, the first drum machine

1931 Flame tank

• KhT-26

1932 Postconstructivism'

• A transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II.

1932 Children's railway

1932 Terpsitone

• by Léon Theremin

1932 Underwater welding

• by Konstantin Khrenov

1933 Stalinist architecture

• Also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin.

1934 Tupolev ANT-20

• Purpose-designed propaganda aircraft, the largest aircraft in 1930s

1934 Cherenkov detector

• Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Pavel Cherenkov^[97]

1935 Kirza

• Kirza is a type of
  acronym from Kirovskiy Zavod (Kirov plant) located in the city of Kirov, which was the first place of the mass production of kirza. The technology was invented in 1935 by Ivan Plotnikov and improved in 1941. Since that time kirza boots became a typical element of the uniform in the Soviet and Russian Army.^[98]

• The Moscow Metro, which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's
  Tokyo's twin subway, and the most heavily used single operator metro system. Opened in 1935, it is well known for the ornate design of many of its stations, which contain numerous examples of socialist realist art.^[99]

1935 Kremlin stars

1936 Airborne firefighting ^[100]

1937 Superfluidity

• By Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen and Don Misener

1937 Drag chute

• The drag chute or braking parachute is an application of the drogue parachute for decreasing the landing distance of an aircraft below that available solely from the aircraft's brakes. For the first time drag chutes were used in 1937 by the Soviet airplanes in the Arctic that provided support for the famous polar expeditions of the era. The drag chute allowed safe landings on small ice-floes.

1937 Manned drifting ice station

• Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations are important contributors to
  World War II, and many special equipment was developed for them, such as the elevated tents to be placed on the melting ice and indicators monitoring the ice cracks.^[101]

1937 Welded sculpture

• Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous Worker and Kolkhoz Woman by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies.^[102]

1937 Fire-fighting sport

• Fire-fighting sport is a sport discipline that includes a competition between various fire fighting teams in fire fighting-related exercises, such as climbing special stairs in a mock-up house, unfolding a water hose, and extinguishing a fire using hoses or extinguishers. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1937, while international competitions have taken place since 1968.^[103]

• 1937-1957 ANS synthesizer ^[104]

1938 Deep column station

• The deep column station is a type of
  Moscow Metro.^[105]

1938 Sambo

• Sambo (an acronym, Самбо stands for САМооборона-Без-Оружия, meaning "self-defence without weapons") is modern martial art, combat sport and self-defense system developed in the Soviet Union and recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee in 1938, presented by Anatoly Kharlampiev.^[106]

1939 Kirlian photography

• By Semyon Kirlian

1939 Ilyushin Il-2

• The world's most produced combat aircraft.

1939 Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher

• Katyusha rocket launcher

• 
  Spring-loaded camming device in a parallel crack.
• 
  Pressure suit.
• 
  A modern underwater welding.
• 
  Tupolev ANT-20 propaganda aircraft.
• 
  Kirza boots.
• 
  Kirlian photo of two coins.

1940-е TRIZ

1940

• By
  World War II^[107]

1941 Competitive rhythmic gymnastics

1941 Maksutov telescope

• By Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov

1941

• By Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve

1942 Winged tank

• Antonov A-40 by Oleg Antonov

1942 Gramicidin S

• By Georgy Gause

1944 Microtron

1944 EPR spectroscopy

• By Yevgeny Zavoisky^[108]

1945 T-54/55 tank

• World's most produced tank.

1945 Passive resonant cavity bug

• by Léon Theremin

1947 Modern multistage rocket

• By Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky

1947 MiG-15

• World's most produced jet aircraft.

1947

• The AK-47 (other names include Avtomat Kalashnikova, Kalashnikov, or AK) is a
  assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The AK-47 was one of the first true assault rifles. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with regular armed forces as well as irregular, revolutionary and terrorist organizations worldwide. Even after six decades, due to its durability, low production cost and ease of use, the original AK-47 and its numerous variants are the most widely used and popular assault rifles in the world; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.^[109]

1947 Light beam microphone

• The technique of using a light beam to remotely record sound probably originated with Léon Theremin in the Soviet Union at or before 1947, when he developed and used the Buran eavesdropping system. This worked by using a low power infrared beam (not a laser) from a distance to detect the sound vibrations in the glass windows. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB, had used this Buran device to spy on the U.S., British, and French embassies in Moscow

1949 Staged combustion cycle

• Aleksei Isaev proposed the Staged combustion cycle widely used in rocket engines.

• 
  World War II

  .
• 
  A 150mm aperture Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
• 
  Antonov A-40 winged tank.
• 
  Front view of a MiG-15.
• 
  A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation

1950s Head transplant

• The first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov

1950s Magnetotellurics

• by Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov

1950 Berkovich tip

1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator

1952 Masers

• Invention of the first masers by Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov who later shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for invention and development of laser technologies with Charles Townes.

1952 Vysotka

1952 Carbon nanotubes

• A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal Carbon described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991. In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry. This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures.^[110][111]

1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus

• by Gavril Ilizarov

1954 Nuclear power plant

• Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant by Igor Kurchatov

1955 MiG-21

• World's most produced supersonic aircraft.

1955 Ballistic missile submarine

• R-11 Zemlya submarine-launched ballistic missile by Victor Makeev, Project 611 ballistic missile submarine

1955 Fast-neutron reactor

• BN350 nuclear fast reactor.

1955 Leningrad Metro

1955 Tokamak

• The Tokamak T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction. The first actual experimental tokamak was built in 1955. The Tokamak design plays the basic role in modern projects for power generation based on
  ITER
  .

1957 ANS synthesizer

1957 Synchrophasotron

1957 Spaceport

• Baikonur Cosmodrome launch complex by Vladimir Barmin

1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile

• The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, R-7 Semyorka, was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953-1957.

1957 Orbital space rocket

• The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as a first space rocket and expendable launch system, R-7 Semyorka, was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953-1957.

1957 Artificial satellite

• Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program
  .

1957 Space capsule

• Sputnik 2

1957 Raketa hydrofoil

• by Rostislav Alexeyev

1958 Modern ternary computer

• Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov

1959 Nuclear icebreaker

• A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a purpose-built
  diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arctic waterways in the north of Siberia, along the Northern Sea Route. NS Lenin was the world's first nuclear icebreaker, launched in 1957 at the Admiralty Shipyard and completed in 1959.^[112]

1959 Space probe

• Luna 1, also the first escape velocity spacecraft and the first Sun satellite.

1959 Missile boat

• Komar class missile boat

1959 Staged combustion cycle

• 
  A Berkovich tip.
• 
  Inside a carbon nanotube.
• 
  An

  fibula

  .
• 
  BN350 nuclear fast reactor.
• 
  Tokamak magnetic field and plasma current.
• 
  Baikonur Cosmodrome's "Gagarin's Start" Soyuz launch pad prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13, October 10, 2008.
• 
  The large-size model of R-7 Semyorka, the first ICBM and the first orbital rocket.
• 
  Sputnik 1 replica.
• 
  Raketa-234 on the Volga River.
• 
  A Komar class missile boat launching a missile.
• 
  Lenin, the first nuclear icebreaker
• 
  Staged combustion rocket cycle.

1960-е Rocket boots

1960 Reentry capsule

• Sputnik 5

1961 Human spaceflight

• Vostok 1 (рус. Восток-1, Orient 1 or East 1) was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had journeyed into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into orbit. The Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program and supervised by the Soviet rocket scientist Sergey Korolyov.

1961 RPG-7

1961 Lawrencium

• Co-discovered at the
  Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

1961 Anti-ballistic missile

• by Pyotr Grushin

1961 Space food

1961 Space suit

1961 Tsar Bomb

• The most powerful weapon ever tested. The Tsar Bomba was a three-stage Teller–Ulam design hydrogen bomb with a yield of 50 to 58 megatons of TNT (210 to 240 PJ). This is equivalent to about 1,350–1,570 times the combined power of the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 10 times the combined power of all the conventional explosives used in World War II, or one quarter of the estimated yield of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and 10% of the combined yield of all nuclear tests to date.

1961 Platform screen doors

• Park Pobedy (Saint Petersburg Metro)

1961 Ekranoplan

• by Rostislav Alexeyev

1961 Mil Mi-8

• The world's most-produced helicopter

1962 Detonation nanodiamond

1962

1962 3D holography

• by Yuri Denisyuk

1964 Rutherfordium

1964 Druzhba pipeline

• The longest oil pipeline system in the world.

1964 Plasma propulsion engine

• Pulsed plasma thruster

1964 Kardashyov scale

1965 Extra-vehicular activity

1965 Molniya orbit satellite

1965 Voitenko compressor

1965 Proton rocket

• The most used heavy lift launch system

1965 Air-augmented rocket

• by Boris Shavyrin

1966 Nobelium

1966 Lander spacecraft

• Luna 9 by Georgy Babakin

1966 Orbiter

• Luna 10

1966 Caspian Sea Monster

• The largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft by Rostislav Alexeyev

1966 Soyuz rocket

• According to the
  European Space Agency, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world.^[113]

1966 Orbital module

• Soyuz spacecraft

1967 Space toilet

• Soyuz spacecraft

1967 Ostankino Tower

1967 The Motherland Calls

1967 Computer for operations with functions

1967 Automated space docking

• Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188

1967 Venus lander

• Venera 4

1968 Dubnium

1968 Mil Mi-12

• The largest helicopter ever built.

1968 Supersonic transport

• Tupolev Tu-144

1969 Intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile

• R-29 Vysota

• 
  tAn RPG-7 with warhead, world's most used anti-tank weapon.
• 
  The model of Vostok spacecraft, the first human spaceflight module.
• 
  Russian space food.
• 
  A Tsar Bomba-type casing on display at Sarov.
• 
  Mil Mi-8, the world's most produced helicopter.
• 
  Molniya 1 satellite.
• 
  Launch of a Proton rocket.
• 
  Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version).
• 
  Mil Mi-12, the world's largest helicopter.

Semiconductor Heterostructures

• Creation by Zhores Alferov of Semiconductor Heterostructures which play important role in modern electronics (Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000).

1970s Radial keratotomy

• by Svyatoslav Fyodorov

1970 Robotic sample return

• Luna 16

1970 Space rover

• Moon
  surface on November 17, 1970.

1971 Space station

• Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (рус. Салют-1; англ. Salute 1) was launched April 19, 1971. It was the first space station to orbit Earth. Developed under supervision of Vladimir Chelomey.

1972 Hall effect thruster

1972 Nuclear desalination

• BN-350 reactor

1973 Reflectron

• By Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin

1974 Electron cooling

• Electron cooling was invented by Gersh Budker (INP, Novosibirsk) in 1966 as a way to increase luminosity of hadron colliders. It was first tested in 1974 with 68 MeV protons at NAP-M storage ring at INP.

1975 Underwater assault rifle

• APS underwater assault rifle by Vladimir Simonov

1975 Arktika class icebreaker

• The Arktika class is a Russian and former Soviet class of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreakers. Its pilot ship, NS Arktika, was the second Soviet nuclear icebreaker, completed in 1975. She became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole, on August 17, 1977.^[114]

1975 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System

• by Vladimir Syromyatnikov

1976 Close-in weapon system

• AK-630

1976 Mobile ICBM

• RT-21 Temp 2S by Alexander Nadiradze

1977 Vertical launching system

• First installed on Azov, a Kara class cruiser

1977 Kirov class battlecruiser

• The Kirov class battlecruisers of the Russian Navy are the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships (i.e., not an aircraft carrier, assault ship or submarine) currently in active operation in the world.

1978 Unmanned resupply spacecraft

1978 Active protection system

• Drozd system

1979Space-based radio telescope ^[115]

• Schematic diagram of the radial keratotomy with incisions shown.
  Schematic diagram of the radial keratotomy with incisions shown.
• 
  Hall effect thrusters.
• 
  BN350 desalination unit, the first nuclear-heated desalination unit in the world.
• 
  APS underwater assault rifle.
• 
  NS Arktika, the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.
• 
  RT-2PM Topol, the first reliable mobile ICBM.
• 
  Kirov class battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev.

Kalina cycle

• Invented and patented in the 1980s by Russian engineer Alexander Kalina. His invention included the first time development of a contiguous set of ammonia-water mixture thermodynamic properties, which provide the basis for unique power plant designs for different forms of power generation from different heat sources.^[116]

1980-е EHF therapy

• by Nikolay Devyatkov and Mikhail Golant

1980 Typhoon class submarine

• The largest submarine ever built.

1981 Quantum dot

1981 Tupolev Tu-160

• The Tupolev Tu-160 is a supersonic, variable-geometry heavy bomber designed by the Soviet Union. Although several civil and military transport aircraft are bigger, the Tu-160 has the greatest total thrust, and the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft, and the highest top speed as well as one of the largest payloads of any current heavy bomber. Pilots of the Tu-160 call it the “White Swan”, due to its maneuverability and anti-flash white finish.^[117]

1982 Helicopter ejection seat

• Kamov Ka-50

1984

• by Alexey Pazhitnov

1986 Modular space station

• Mir space station

1987 MIR submersible

• The first to reach the seabed under the
  Finland
  .

1987 RD-170 rocket engine

• The world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine.

1988 Buran

1988 An-225

• The largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built.

1989 Kola Superdeep Borehole

• The deepest borehole in the world.

1989 Supermaneuverability

• Sukhoi Su-27, Pugachev's Cobra maneuver.

• 
  Typhoon class submarine, covered with ice.
• 
  Tetris

  figures.
• 
  Mir space station.
• 
  A Su-27 performing the Cobra maneuver.

1989-1991 BARS apparatus

1991 Thermoplan

• The thermoplan is a
  helium, while the other section is filled with air that can be heated or cooled by the engines. This design greatly improves the maneuverability, alongside with the disc shape which helps resist the powerful winds up to 20 metre per second. The projet was started in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, with the first working prototype tested in 1991. That was rather small airship, and the giant thermoplan wasn't built at that time due to the problems caused by the economy crisis of the 1990s. In the late 2000s (decade), the project was revived under the name Locomoskyner by the Russian company Locomosky in Ulyanovsk.^[118]

• The Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) KHOLOD Hypersonic Flying Laboratory. First successful supersonic combustion ramjet flight demonstration.

• Dual-
  Atlas V launch vehicle
  .

1992 Znamya (space mirror)

1992 Nuclotron

• Nuclotron is the world's first
  Moscow Oblast. This particle accelerator is based on a miniature iron-shaped field superconductive magnets, and has a particle energy up to 7 GeV. It was built in 1987-1992 as a part of Dubna synchrophasotron modernisation program (the Nuclotron ring follows the outer perimeter of the synchrophasotron ring). 5 runs of about 1400 hours total duration have been provided by the present time. The most important experiments tested the cryomagnetic system of a novel type, and obtained data on nuclear collisions using internal target.^[119]

1993 RAR

• by Eugene Roshal

1997 Two-level single-vault transfer station

• Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)

1998 Beriev Be-200

• Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step can be used to scoop a total of 12 tonnes of water in 14 seconds.

1998 Submarine-launched spacecraft

• Russian submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk, Shtil'

1999

• by Igor Spassky, multinational cooperation

1999 Flerovium

• 
  Beriev Be-200 dropping the water painted into the colors of the flag of Russia.
• 
  A launch of

  Japan as oil platform, and then modified by Norway and Russia

  for space launches.

2000s Heterotransistor

• By Zhores Alfyorov with Herbert Kroemer

2000 Livermorium

2000 Abstract state machine

2001 Space tourism

2001 Mirny Mine

• The largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation.

2001 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

2003 Park Pobedy metro escalators

• Longest metro escalators

2004 Graphene

• Creation of Graphene by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim. They were awarded with Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 2010.

2005 Orbitrap

• by Aleksandr Makarov

2007 NS 50 Let Pobedy

• NS 50 Let Pobedy is the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad (now St Petersburg), and the ship was launched in 1993 as the NS Ural, while completed in 2007 under a new name. This icebreaker is the sixth and last of the Arktika class. The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers.^[120]

2007 Father of all bombs

• Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power, nicknamed "Father of All Bombs", is a
  air-delivered/land activated thermobaric weapon, the most powerful conventional (non-nuclear) weapon in the world. The bomb was successfully field-tested in the late evening of September 11, 2007. According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal.^[121][122]

• 
  NS 50 Let Pobedy, the world's largest icebreaker.
• 
  Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer.

2010

• The first randomized webcam chatroom

2011 Nuclear power station barge

• The first mass-produced portable nuclear power station

2011 Nord Stream

• The longest offshore pipeline

2011 Spektr-R

• Space based radiotelecope with the highest angular resolution (RadioAstron project).

2012 Russky Island Bridge

• The longest cable-stayed bridge

• List of Russian inventors
• Category:Russian inventions
• List of Russian scientists
• Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
• Russian culture

• Russian inventions / Русские изобретения и открытия на YouTube

Категория:Списки:Россия Категория:Изобретения России Категория:Наука в России Категория:Списки:Техника