1530s
The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.
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Events
1530
January–June
- cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain.[1][2]
- February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.[3]
- June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[4]
July–December
- Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici.[5]
- September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria.[6][7]
- October 8 – A flood engulfs Rome.[8]
- October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.
- November 5 – St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland: a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal.[9][10]
- November 24 – Tabinshwehti succeeds his father Mingyi Nyo as king of the Toungoo dynasty, following the latter's death.
- December – Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition sets out for Brazil from Portugal.[11][12]
- December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death.[13]
Date unknown
- The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.
- Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.
- Erasmus publishes On Civility in Children (De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus), which becomes popular and widely translated.[14][15]
- First complete edition of the 'Zürich Bible', Huldrych Zwingli's translation into German printed by Christoph Froschauer, is published.[16]
1531
January–June
- January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die.[17]
- February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.[18][19]
- February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.[20]
- April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants.[21]
- Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers in Songhai; Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.[22]
- Puebla, Mexico, is founded.[23]
- May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but in 1533 he properly deals with the rebellion and punishes those responsible.[24]
- June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded.[25]
July–December
- Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.[26]
- Pokucie.[27]
- perihelion.[28]
- Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.[29]
- October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
- November – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo.[30]
- Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.[33]
Date unknown
- Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata.[34]
- Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán.[35]
- The
- Kõpu Lighthouse is completed.[37][38]
- A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.[39]
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.
- A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.
1532
January–June
- January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.[40]
- March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by the Speaker of the House of Commons.[41] Henry responds by stating that the commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament is prorogued until April 10.
- May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.[44]
- May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.[45]
- June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.
July–December
- July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.[46]
- August 5–30 – Siege of Güns: The Ottoman army under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent fails to take the city of Güns, and due to the incoming raining weather and reinforcements from Charles V to Vienna, Suleiman's army retreats.
- Henry VIII of England.[48]
- November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves.[49] He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold.[50]
Date unknown
- The Prince is published, five years after the death of the author, Niccolò Machiavelli.[51]
- Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais.[52]
- Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.[53][54]
- Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe.[55][56]
- The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs".[57]
- Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.[58]
1533
January–June
- Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort.[59]
- January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England.[60][61]
- March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.[62]
- May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer.[65] Since Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.
- June 1
- Cartagena, Colombia, is founded by Pedro de Heredia.
- Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen consort of England, in Westminster Abbey.[66]
July–December
- excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer.[67]
- Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultanof the Ottoman Empire.
- garotte, at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca.[68]: 77–78 The Spanish arrange for his younger brother Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor,[68]: 86–67 but he dies due to a believed poisoning soon afterwards.[69]
- October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.[70][71]
- November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru.[68]: 115
- .
- December – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico.
- December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – They discover Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island.[73]
- December 28 – They discover Isla de los Inocentes, probably San Benedicto Island.[74]
Date unknown
- Grand Duchy of Moscow.[75]
- 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.
1534
January–June
- Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.[76]
- seize Münster, Westphaliaand declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
- c. March – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
- March 30 – Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring Submission of the Clergy, that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.
- Christ. His follower John of Leidentakes control of the city.
- April 7 – Sir Thomas More is confined in the Tower of London.
- May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
- Gulf of St Lawrence.
- Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.[77][78]
- June 29 – Jacques Cartier discovers Prince Edward Island.
July–December
- King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.
- July 7 – The first known exchange occurs between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
- Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.[79]
- Society of Jesus, in Montmartre(Paris).
- August 26 – Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
- October 13 – Pope Paul III succeeds Pope Clement VII, as the 220th pope.[80]
- October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).
- Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.[76]
- December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.
Date unknown
- Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).
- The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids.
- Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.
- Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, adding the Old Testament and Apocrypha to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and including woodcut illustrations.
- The first book in
1535
January–March
- January 18 – Lima, now the capital of Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes.[82]
- January 21 – The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534 Affaire des Placards are burned to death in front of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris and witnessed by a large crowd that includes King François and the visiting Ottoman diplomats.[83]
- February 27 – George Joye publishes his Apologye in Antwerp, to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale.
- Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands, when blown off course en route to Peru.
- March 23 – English forces under William Skeffington storm Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, after a siege that began on March 16. Skeffington shows little mercy to the 25 surviving defenders, and has them decapitated in front of the castle two days after the surrender.[84]
- March 29 – (Tenbun 4, 26th day of 2nd month) Go-Nara, who has ruled since 1526 is formally installed as the 105th Emperor of Japan[85]
April–June
- April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille, six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis.[86]
- April 20 – While King Gustav Vasa of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the Vädersol, appears in the sky over the Swedish capital of Stockholm, and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the vädersol is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the Protestant reformation and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop Olaus Petri commissions Urban Larsson to document the event in a painting, the Vädersolstavlan.
- Axholme are executed at Tyburn after refusing to sign the Englsih Oath of Supremacy.[87] The three will be canonized 435 years later on October 25, 1970, as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of May 4.[88]
- burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels.[89]In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.
- Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).
- May 20 – William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation,[90] and imprisoned in Vilvoorde.
- June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.
- June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.
- Henry VIII of England.[76]
- Anabaptist state of Münsteris conquered and disbanded.
July–December
- Roman Catholic Church.[91]
- Henry VIIIfor heresy.
- Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes Montreal.
- October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
- December – Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru.
Date unknown
- Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
- Spanish forces abandon the second attempted conquest of Yucatán.
- The
- Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.[93]
1536
January–March
- January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas,[94][95] is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.[96]
- Münster Rebellion.[97]
- February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.[101]
- February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[102] The compact is confirmed in 1569.[102]
- Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after faling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan, the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.[104]
- March 14 – Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
- March
- The first edition of
- The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[106] Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin.[107] Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
April–June
- Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
- Dissolution of the Monasteries.[76] Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
- Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.[109]
- Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.[110]
- Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.[111]
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.[112]
- May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.[113][114]
- Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.[115]
- June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.[116]
- June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
- June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.[117]
- June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.[118]
July–September
- July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo, Francisco Quiñones, and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano, south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.[119]
- July 21 – The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon, to meet with King Francois I.[120]
- July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.[121]
- July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.[122][123] On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
- August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom.[124]
- September 1 – King James V of Scotland becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence.[125]. King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.[126]
October–December
- October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in as the Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland.[127]
- October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.[76]
- October 10 – English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York.[127]
- October 16 – The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.[120]
- November 4 – Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio, the envoy of Pope Paul III, files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.[120]
- November 13 –
- On "a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen", while he is walking across the street from his home at Soper's Lane toward the Mercers' Chapel. His assailant is never caught, despite the offer of a large reward.
- Robert Aske meets with royal delegates at York, including the Duke of Norfolk and negotiates the return of the homes of Catholic monks and nuns, as well as a safe passage for Aske and several Catholic representatives for a meeting with King Henry VIII.[127]
- Château de Blois, the marriage contract between King James V of Scotland and King Francois of France to arrange the marriage of James to Francois' daughter Madeline, is signed despite the reluctance of the French monarch to send his daughter to an unhealthy climate.[130]
- December 5 – After two months, the Pilgrimage of Grace ends at Pontefract Castle after the Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk promises to present a list of 24 Articles of the pilgrims' demands, "The Commons' Petition", to King Henry VIII. The Duke pledges a reprieve for abbeys from dissolution until Parliament can meet, and to obtain a general pardon for the rebel pilgrims.[127]
Date unknown
- Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.[131]
- Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.[132]
1537
January–March
- January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.[133]
- Cosimo Iof the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
- Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire.[134]
- Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.[134]
- January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian allies
- February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle. He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.[134]
- Republic of Colombia, is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada, which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela.
- March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil.[135][136]
April–June
- April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.[137][138]
- siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.[139]
- April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.[140]
- May 17 –
- The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway, the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.{[141]
- The Ottoman Empire invaded suthern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.[142]
- June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.[143][144]
- Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.
July–September
- July 12– Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay, but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru.[145]
- July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India[146]
- July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.[147]
- August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo, an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi.
- August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.[148]
- August 15 – The city of Asunción, now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay, is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.[149]
- August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
- August 26–The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.[150] Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home.[151][152]
- September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway.[153]
- September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza.[154] Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.[155]
October–December
- puerperal fever. The Queen consort dies nine days later.[156]
- November 1 – In what is now the Central American nation of Honduras, the Spanish conquistadore Alonso de Cáceres arrives at the Peñol de Cerquín, the mountaintop fortress of King Lempira of the Lencas, the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed.[157]
- November 27 – Alfonso d'Avalos, the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French Duke of Montmorency to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control.[158]
- December 9 – Petar Keglević takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia.[159]
- December 28 – The Ordonnance de Montpellier, establishing the first system in Europe for all writers to submit copies of their printed work to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by King François I of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library.[160][161]
Date unknown
- Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato, one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León, part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later[162] while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru.[163] The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570.[164]
- Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
- Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.[165]
- The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. .[166]
- The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III; these include Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
- Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London)[167] The Matthew Bible, edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.[167]
Ongoing
- .
1538
January–March
- January 14 – Leonard Grey, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent County Laois, formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership. between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.[174]
- January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire, on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani, escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia. After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski have Katzianer murdered.
- February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily, is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.
- February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.[175]
- March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III. He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.
April–June
- Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.[176]
- April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: In Peru, Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.[177]
- May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland, while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London, with neither of the two seeing each other.
- May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.[178]
- May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell, the former Chief Minister of England.
- June 18 –
- The formal wedding of Mary of Guise and King James V of Scotland takes place at St Andrews Cathedral.
- Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.[180]
July–September
- July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth, granddaughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus, son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck.[181] The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543.
- July 25 – The city of Guayaquil, now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".[182]
- August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.[183]
- September 18 – Ştefan V Lăcustă of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, Petru Rareș.[184]
- September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.[185]
- September 29– The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy begins and lasts one week.[186][187]
October–December
- October 6 – The eruption the Italian volcano ends after seven days, having created Monte Nuovo.[186]
- October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.[188][189]
- November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.[190]
- November 30
- Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
- Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved.[191][192]
- Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church.[193]
Date unknown
- Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.[194][195]
- The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
- In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).
1539
January–March
- January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected two a two year term as Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria.
- Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.
- Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
- February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England.[196]
- March 1 – King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28.
- March 2 – Askia Isma'il, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa, dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded by Askia Ishaq I.
- March 30 – Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.
April–June
- April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").
- Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon, representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states.[197] Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.[198]
- English Parliamentmeets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
- May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
- Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.
- Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.
- June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
- Henry VIII's Church of England.[199]
July–September
- Suleiman the Great following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha
- July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa, leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento, rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.[200]
- The siege of Castelnuovo ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.[201][200]
- August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
- August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.[202]
- Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.
October–December
- Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves.[203]
- Joachim II Hectorintroduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
- November 26 – Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering Fountains Abbey to the English Crown. [204]
- December 7 – Juan Pardo de Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.[205]
- December 15 – In the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada (now the Republic of Colombia, Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado and his troops fight a final battle at Duitama (now the Boyacá Department) against the indigenous armies of the Muisca Confederation, led by Tundama.[206]
- December 27 – Anne of Cleves arrives in England in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 florins to her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.
Undated
- Protestant Reformation
- Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.
- Dissolution of the Monasteriesin England.
- The first edition of the Genevan Psalteris published.
- In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
- The first printing press in North America is set up in Mexico City.[207]
- Teseo Ambrogio's Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas, published in Pavia, introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.
Births
1530
- January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571)[208]
- Daimyō (d. 1587)
- February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)
- February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578)
- February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600)[209]
- March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573)[210]
- Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, French nobleman (d. 1574)
- June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg, German physician (d. 1598)[213]
- July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602)[214]
- August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)[215]
- August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (d. 1565)[216]
- August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)[217]
- October 1 – Walter Aston, English politician (d. 1589)[221]
- October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck, Flemish sculptor (d. 1606)[222]
- October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)[223]
- November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)[224]
- December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616)[226]
- December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (d. 1592)[227]
- date unknown
- Julius Caesar Aranzi, Italian anatomist (d. 1589)[228]
- Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (d. 1569)
- Christopher Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581)
- Jean Bodin, French jurist (d. 1596)[229]
- Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (d. 1566)[232]
- Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608)[233]
- Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584)[234]
- Jean Nicot, French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606)[235]
- Mordecai Yoffe, Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612)[236]
- Anastasia Romanovna, Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560)[237]
- Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (d. 1587)[238]
- probable
- Moses Isserles, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572)[239]
- Claude Le Jeune, French composer (d. 1600)[240]
- Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598)[242][243]
- Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567)[244]
- Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595)
- Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (d. 1568)[245]
- Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581)[246]
- Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580)[247]
- Pey de Garros, Provençal poet (d. 1585)[248]
1531
- January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575)[249]
- April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)[250]
- May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)[251]
- May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
- June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)[252]
- July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)[253]
- July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)[254]
- September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)[255]
- September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)[256]
- September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)[257]
- Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)[258]
- October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)[259]
- October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)[261]
- October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)[262]
- November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)[263]
- November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)[264]
- November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)[266]
- December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)[267]
- December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)[268]
- December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
- date unknown
- Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)[269]
- António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
- John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)[270]
- Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)[271]
1532
- January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (d. 1598)[272]
- February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (d. 1607)[273]
- February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589)[274]
- March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611)[275]
- March 25 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596)[276]
- April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger, German theologian (d. 1608)[277][278]
- June 1 – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (d. 1605)[280]
- June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)[281]
- June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560)[282]
- June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579)[283]
- June 16 – Francis Coster, Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619)[284]
- June 24
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable;[285] d. 1588)
- William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592)[286]
- July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (d. 1565)
- July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)[287]
- August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590)[288]
- October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596)[289][290]
- October 30 – Yuri of Uglich, Prince of Uglich (d. 1563)[291]
- November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)[292]
- November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585)[293]
- December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605)[294]
- December 20
- John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586)[295]
- Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (d. 1577)[296]
- Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
- date unknown
- William Allen, English cardinal (d. 1594)[298]
- Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (d. 1585)[299]
- Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary (d. 1597)[300]
- Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (d. 1592)[301]
- John Hawkins, English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595)[302]
- Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (d. 1573)[303]
- Ralph Lane, English explorer (d. 1603)[304]
- Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585)[305]
- Thomas Norton, English lawyer (d. 1584)[306]
- Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623)
- Flavio Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581)[307]
- Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600)[308]
- probable
- Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian portrait painter (d. 1625)[309]
1533
- January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (d. 1600)[311]
- January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)
- January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner, German theologian (d. 1587)[312]
- January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)[313]
- February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589)[314]
- February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)[315]
- February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)[316]
- February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592)[317]
- March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550)[318]: 397
- April 5 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)[319]
- April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604)[320]
- May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596)[322]
- July 20 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578)[323]
- July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)[324]
- August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588)[325]
- August 7
- Valentin Weigel, German theologian (d. 1588)[327]
- September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (d. 1589)[328]
- September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572)[330]
- October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568)[332]
- October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)
- October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602)[333]
- : 510
- December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)[334]
- date unknown – Eknath, Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599)[335]
- probable
- Amina, Queen of Zazzua (d. 1610)[336]
- Cornelis Cort, Dutch engraver (d. 1578)[337]
- David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (k. 1566)[338]
1534
- Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)
- February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)
- February 10 – Song Ikpil, Korean scholar (d. 1599)
- José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)
- William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)
- Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)
- June 23 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
- July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)
- July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)
- Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (d. 1583)
- August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
- Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
- October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597)
- October 18 – Jean Passerat, French writer (d. 1602)
- November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)
- November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)
- November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)
- November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)
- December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d. 1604)
- December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
- date unknown
- Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d. 1590)
- Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d. 1572)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. 1601)[339]
- Paul Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. 1573)
- Joan Waste, English Protestant martyr (d. 1556)
- Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (d. 1557)
1535
- February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)[340]
- January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603)
- Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564)
- February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593)
- February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578)
- March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592)
- March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587)
- May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)
- June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)[341]
- June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604)
- June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
- June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)
- William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592)
- July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609)
- Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
- August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
- September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612)
- September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551)
- October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
- November 9 – Nanda Bayin, King of Burma (d. 1600)
- December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597)
- December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)
- date unknown
- Federico Barocci, Italian painter (d. 1612)
- Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (d. 1594)
- James Melville of Halhill, Scottish historian (d. 1617)
- Thomas North, English translator (d. c. 1604)
- Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (d. 1596)
- Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (d. 1610)
1536
- January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569)[342]
- February 2
- Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623)[343]
- Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612)[344]
- February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612)[345]
- February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)[346]
- March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)[347]
- March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)[348]
- April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)[349]
- May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603)[350]
- May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587)[351]
- August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587)[352]
- August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607)[354]
- October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601)[355]
- October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586)[356]
- November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
- November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606)[358]
- December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584)[359]
- December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572)[360]
- date unknown
- Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593)[361]
- Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
- Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602)[362]
- Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624)[363]
- Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608)[365]
- Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596)[366]
- Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
- Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614)[367]
1537
- January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605)[368]
- January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)[369]
- February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575)[370]
- March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572)[371]
- May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)[372]
- May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619)[373]
- May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604)[374]
- May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577)[375][376]
- June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554)[377][378]
- July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604)[379]
- Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
- July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
- August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604)[380]
- August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
- October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554)[381][382]
- November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583)[383]
- December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
- December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)[384]
- December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586)[385]
- December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593)[386]
- date unknown
- Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582)[388]
- John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
- Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567)[389]
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598)[390]
1538
- January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612)[391]
- January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)[392]
- January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
- January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
- January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565)[393]
- February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
- March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612)[394]
- April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)[395]
- April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600)[396]
- June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614)[397]
- Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
- July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)[398]
- September 29
- Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
- Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
- October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584)[399]
- October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559)[400]
- July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619)[403]
- December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615)[404]
- December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612)[405]
- December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566)[406]
- December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613)[407]
- December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
- December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)[408]
- date unknown
- François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601)[409]
- Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568)[410]
- Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)[411][412]
- Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601)[413]
1539
- January 28 – Nicolò Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1618)
- February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582)
- February 23
- Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
- Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d. 1613)
- February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (d. 1597)
- March 5 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (d. 1604)
- March 18 – Maria of Nassau, Countess of Nassau (d. 1599)
- April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603)
- April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (d. 1602)
- April 7
- Tobias Stimmer, Swiss artist (d. 1584)
- Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (d. 1610)
- April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1572)
- May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621)
- May 29 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613)
- Catherine Vasa, Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610)
- June 13 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
- June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (d. 1589)
- July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583)
- Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595)
- Peter Vok, Czech noble (d. 1611)
- November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
- Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (d. 1604)
- December 20 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (d. 1602)
- December 31 – John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
- date unknown
- José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (d. 1590)
- Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (d. 1610)
- Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist (d. 1608)
- Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d. 1583)
Deaths
1530
- February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485)[414]
- February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490)[415]
- April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)
- May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander[416]
- June 4 – Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1493)[417]
- June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465)[418]
- June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473)[420]
- August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)
- August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana:
- Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (b. 1489)[421]
- Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (b. 1502)[422]
- August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)[423]
- August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460)[424]
- August 28 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (b. 1454)[425]
- August 29 – Moise of Wallachia[426]
- September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)
- September 15 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (b. 1508)[427]
- October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477)[428]
- November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)
- November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, British statesman (b. c. 1473)[429]
- December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)[430]
- December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470)[431]
- December 26 – Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483)[432]
- date unknown
- Quentin Matsys, Flemish painter (b. 1466)[433]
- Estienne de La Roche, French mathematician (b. 1470)[434]
- Søren Norby, Danish naval commander[435]
- Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (b. 1487)[436]
1531
- January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)[437]
- January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)[438]
- February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)[439]
- March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)[440]
- May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)[442]
- May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)[443]
- May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)[444]
- July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)[445]
- July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
- Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers[446]
- August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)[447]
- September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)[448]
- September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)[449]
- October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)[29]
- November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)[450]
- November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)[451]
- December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)[452]
- date unknown
- Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495)[453]
- Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
- Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
- probable
- Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)[456]
- Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)
1532
- May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex
- June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)
- July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470)[458]
- August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518)[459]
- August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468)[460]
- August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467)[461]
- August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)[462]
- September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia[463]
- Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter[464]
- December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500)[465]
- December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502)[466]
- December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)[467]
- December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500)[468]
- December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467)[469]
- date unknown
- Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (b. 1500)[470]
- Huáscar, 12th Inca Emperor[471]
1533
- March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467)[472]
- April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471)[473]
- April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)[474]
- April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488)[475]
- June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496)[476]
- July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503)[477]
- July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)[478]
- July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502)[68]: 77–78
- September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461)[479]
- September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479)[480]
- September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447)[481]
- October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522)[482]
- October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru[69]
- December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479)[483]
- date unknown
- Alauddin Firuz Shah II, sultan of Bengal[484]
- Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1460)[485]
- Anne Rud, Danish noble and defender[486]
- Fortún Ximénez, Spanish sailor and mutineer[487]
- Bayin Htwe, king of Prome in Burma[488]
- Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494)[489]
- probable – Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (b. 1477)[490]
1534
- January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)
- January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507)
- February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)
- March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)
- Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490)
- March 19 – Michael Weiße, German theologian (b. c. 1488)
- Anabaptistreformer
- April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)
- May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)
- June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)
- June 27 – Hille Feicken, Dutch Anabaptist
- August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)
- August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)
- August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
- September 7 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (b. 1479)
- September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)
- September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)[491]
- Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)
- Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)
- November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
- November 23 – Beatriz Galindo, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465)[492]
- December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1508)
- December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b. 1453)
- date unknown
- István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b. 1477)
- Edward Guildford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1474)
- Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b. 1499)
- Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b. 1474)
- Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1497)
- John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b. 1480)
1535
- February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486)
- February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450)
- April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492)
- Henry VIII of England):
- Saint John Houghton, Carthusian monk
- Saint Robert Lawrence, Carthusian monk
- Saint Augustine Webster, Prior of the London Charterhouse
- Saint Richard Reynolds, Bridgettine monk of Syon
- May 26 – Francesco Berni, Italian poet (b. 1497)
- June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer, Dutch Anabaptist
- June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500)
- June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469)
- July 6 – Sir Thomas More, English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478)[493]
- July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
- August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509)
- September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)
- Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)
- November 17 – Piero de Ponte, 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462)
- December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (b. 1511)
- December 31 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
- date unknown
- Jodocus Badius, Flemish pioneer of printing (b. 1462)
- Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (b. 1516)
- Bartolomeo Tromboncino, Italian composer (b. 1470)
- Feliks Zamoyski, Polish noble
1536
- January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)[494]
- January 22
- John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509)[97]
- Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495)[97]
- February 25
- Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492)[496]
- Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)[103]
- March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493)[497]
- April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)[498]
- May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
- June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474)[500]
- July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466)[501]
- June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482)[503]
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
- September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)[504]
- September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller[505]
- September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483)[506]
- October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494)[507]
- October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503)[508][509]
- December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)[510]
- date unknown
- Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465)[511]
- Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473)[512]
- Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai[513]
- John Rastell, English printer and author[514]
- Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450)[515]
1537
- January 6
- Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)[516]
- Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)[517]
- January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459)[518]
- February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499)[519]
- February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513)[520]
- February 8
- Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480)[521]
- Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481)[522]
- January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498)[523]
- March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489)[524]
- March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498)[525]
- May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482)[526]
- May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485)[527]
- June 2
- Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507)[528]
- Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504)[528]
- Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502)[528]
- June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487)[529]
- June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502)[530]
- July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)[531]
- July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500)[532]
- September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475)[533]
- September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472)[534]
- September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch[535]
- September 25 – William Framyngham, English author[536]
- October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510)[537]
- December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490)[538][539]
- date unknown – John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle[540]
- probable – Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475)[541]
1538
- January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504)[542]
- February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488)[543]
- February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).[544]
- February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480)[545]
- Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
- April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480)[546]
- April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510)[547]
- May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496)[548]
- May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482)[549]
- May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471)[550][551]
- June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467)[553]
- July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475)[554]
- September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483)[555]
- September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515)[556]
- John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)[558]
- December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455)[559]
- date unknown
- Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
- Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450)[561]
1539
- January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509)
- February – Narapati of Prome, king of Prome in Burma.
- February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
- February 13 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474)[562]
- March 5 – Nuno da Cunha, Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487)
- March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
- March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard, English nobleman (b. c. 1478))
- April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
- April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (b. 1460)
- April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (b. 1470)
- May 1 – Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503)[563]
- May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
- May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
- June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486)
- St Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- July 9 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476)
- August – Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (b. 1480)
- September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (b. 1475)[564]
- Hugh Cook Faringdon, English Abbot of Reading
- December 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (b. 1474)
- December 20 – Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. c. 1506)
- date unknown
- James Beaton, Scottish church leader (b. 1473)
- Cura Ocllo, Inca queen
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And on April 4, 1538, Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya herself, who was only thirty years old, suddenly died.
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The year 1538 is also the death of Paganino Paganini.
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- required.)