540s

The 540s decade ran from January 1, 540, to December 31, 549.

Events

540

• Emperor Justinian I offers to make peace with Vitiges, but Belisarius refuses to transmit the message. The Ostrogoths then offer to support Belisarius as emperor of the West.
• Matasuntha are taken as captives to Constantinople
  .
• Belisarius consolidates Italy and begins mopping-up operations, capturing the Gothic fortifications. The cities Ticinum and Verona north of River Po remain in Gothic hands.
• Venetia and Liguria in Northern Italy.^[1]

• In
  High King
  ) or overlord, while wars are fought between others.
• King Custennin ap Cado is deposed, and returns to Dumnonia in the south-west of Great Britain.

Persia

• King
  Khosrau I, jealous of Justinian's victories in the West, receives an embassy from the Ostrogoths at Ctesiphon, urging him to act before the Byzantines
  become too powerful.
• Khosrau I breaks the
  Persian army marches up the River Euphrates, and follows a path to extract tributes from towns along the way to Antioch
  .
• Khosrau I captures Antioch after a fierce
  Persia.^[2]

• Solomon captures the Aurès Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified.^[3]

Asia

• Jinheung becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.^[4]

By topic

Religion

• sacred and secular manuscripts
  , intending for this to be their sole occupation (approximate date).
• patriarch Menas of Constantinople
  .
• Benedict of Nursia writes his monastic rules, containing precepts for his monks (approximate date).

World

• Extreme weather events of 535–536
  .

541

• January 1 – Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius is appointed as consul in Constantinople, the last person to hold this office.
• Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
• Emperor
  Upper Mesopotamia and attacks the fortress city of Nisbis. After an unsuccessful siege he ravages the countryside.^{[10][full citation needed}
  ]
• John the Cappadocian, praetorian prefect of the East, is dismissed by the Byzantine empress Theodora for treason. He is banished to Cyzicus, and his estates are confiscated.^[11][12]

Europe

• Autumn – Totila is elected king by the Ostrogothic nobles after the death of his uncle Ildibad. He wins the support of the lower classes by liberating slaves and distributing land to the peasants.
• Winter – Siege of Verona: Totila defends the city of Verona against a numerically superior Byzantine army. He gains control over the Po Valley and prepares a Gothic offensive in Central Italy.

Persia

• Persians a strategic port.^{[10][full citation needed}
  ]

• Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor Justinian I contracts the disease but recovers.
• Persians, severely outnumbered, are forced to retreat, but at Dvin the Byzantines are defeated by a force of 4,000 men in an ambush, and are completely routed.^[13]
• The 542 Sea of Marmara earthquake takes place in the winter of 542, in the vicinity of the Sea of Marmara. It also affects the coasts of Thrace and the Edremit Gulf.^[14]

Europe

• Spring – Battle of Faventia: King Totila scatters the Byzantine forces near Faventia (modern Faenza) with 5,000 men, beginning the resurgence of Gothic resistance to the reconquest of Italy.
• Mugello. He treats his prisoners well, and many are induced to join his banner
  .
• March – Totila bypasses Rome and begins his expedition in Southern Italy.^[15] He captures Beneventum and receives the submission of the provinces of Apulia, Lucania and Bruttium.
• Siege of Naples: Totila besieges the city of Naples in Campania. A Byzantine relief force from Sicily is intercepted and almost destroyed by Gothic warships.
• King
  Visigothic Spain. They capture Pamplona, but Zaragoza withstands a siege and the Franks retreat to Gaul. From this expedition Childebert brings back to Paris a relic, the tunic of Saint Vincent
  .

• Brendan establishes a monastic settlement on Eileach an Naoimh (approximate date).

Literature

• Gildas, British monk, writes his work "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae" (approximate date).

543

• Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed.^[16]

Africa

• The fortress city of
  Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches
  are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date).

• Summer –
  besiege
  the fortress city.
• The
  Hephthalites threaten the Sasanian Empire from the East. They extend their domain in Central Asia
  (approximate date).
• A Byzantine invasion of
  Battle of Anglon
  by a much smaller force from the Sasanian Empire.

• King Pulakeshin I establishes the Chalukya dynasty in India. He extends his kingdom by conquering Vakataka and the west coast of Karnataka, giving him access to the valuable Arabian Sea trade routes.^[17]

By topic

Learning

• Approximate date – The Yupian (玉篇) Chinese dictionary is edited by Gu Yewang.

Religion

• The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople.

544

the

Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East

• Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I sends Belisarius back to the Ostrogothic Kingdom (Italy) with an inadequate Byzantine expeditionary force (4,000 men and 200 ships).^[18]
• Belisarius defeats the
  Byzantines march towards the city of Rome
  .
• Justinian I issues a new edict condemning the Three Chapters. In Western Europe, Pope Vigilius refuses to acknowledge the imperial edict and is ordered to summon to Constantinople.
• King
  Khosrau I unsuccessfully attacks the Byzantine fortress city of Dara. The siege of Edessa is repulsed, and the Persians
  are forced into a stalemate.
• Battle of Cillium: A medium-sized Byzantine army under Solomon is defeated by the Moors on the border of Numidia. Solomon and his bodyguard are forced to retreat and are later killed.^[19][20][21]

Asia

• February –
  Lý Bí is declared emperor and establishes the empire Van Xuân (modern Vietnam). His armies repel attacks from the kingdom of Champa
  .
• October – The Liang dynasty retaliates against Van Xuân, and sends an imperial army (120,000 men) under Chen Baxian to re-occupy the region.

By topic

Religion

• Jacob Baradaeus consecrates Sergius of Tella as patriarch of Antioch, opening a permanent schism between the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

545

• Emperor Justinian I sends Narses, Byzantine general, to the rulers of the Heruli, to recruit troops for the campaigns in Italy and Syria.^[22]

Europe

• Gothic War: King Totila establishes his military base at Tivoli (Central Italy), and prepares a campaign to reconquer the region of Latium
  .
• The monastery of Clonmacnoise is founded in Ireland by Ciarán Mac a tSaor on the River Shannon (approximate date).

Asia

• Yangwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.^[23]

Persia

• King
  Khosrau I signs a five year truce with the Byzantine Empire, but war continues to ravage the Caucasus region, especially in Armenia
  .

• The Synod of Brefi is held at Llanddewi Brefi, to condemn the Pelagian heresy. Dubricius, archbishop of South Wales, resigns his position in favour of David (approximate date).

546

• December 17 – Sack of Rome: After almost a year's siege, the capture of a grain fleet sent by the exiled Pope Vigilius near the mouth of the Tiber, and failure of troops of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city, the Ostrogoths under King Totila plunder Rome and destroy its fortifications.^[24] He then withdraws to Apulia (Southern Italy).
• Winter – Pope Vigilius arrives in Constantinople, to meet with Emperor Justinian I. The future Pope Pelagius is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian.

Europe

• Audoin murders and succeeds Walthari as king of the Lombards.
• Audoin receives subsidies from Justinian I, to encourage him to battle the Gepids in the Carpathian Mountains.
• Audoin leads the Lombards across the
  Pannonia, and becomes an ally of the Byzantines
  .

• ruler of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala and reigns until his death in 615
  .

• The Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is completed by bishop Maximianus, during the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
• Approximate date – The Diocese of Bangor is established in the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd, with Deiniol consecrated as first bishop.

547

• Gothic War: Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths, but his Italian campaign is unsuccessful (he is starved of supplies and reinforcements from Constantinople).
• The
  Theodora I with attendants, in the Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna
  ), are made (approximate date).
• Theudebald, age 13, succeeds his father Theudebert I after a reign of 14 years, and becomes king of Austrasia (or 548).

Britain

• King Ida establishes the kingdom of Bernicia. He builds Bamburgh Castle (northeast England) as a fortress that will become the seat of Anglo-Saxon kings (according to the Historia Brittonum).

Africa

• Laribus (near modern El Kef^[26]
  ).

• The Tonkin revolt (Vietnam), led by Lý Nam Đế, is suppressed by the Chinese Liang dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• The Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is consecrated by bishop Maximianus of Ravenna.

548

• Theodora I dies at age 48, probably of breast cancer (according to Bishop Victor of Tunnuna). Her body is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople
  ).
• Emperor Justinian I relieves Belisarius from military service, in favour of 70-year-old Byzantine general Narses.

Europe

• Theudigisel, Visigothic general, proclaims himself ruler over the Visigothic Kingdom, after King Theudis is assassinated.

Persia

• Lazic War: King Gubazes II revolts against the Persians, and requests aid from Justinian I. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (8,000 men) to Lazica (modern Georgia).
• Gubazes II besieges the fortress of Petra, located on the Black Sea. The Persian army under Mermeroes defeats a small Byzantine force guarding the mountain passes, and relieves Petra.
• Mermeroes stations a
  Persians
  , lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica.

Africa

• Spring –
  Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia
  ).

• April 13 – Emperor Lý Nam Đế of Vietnam is killed by Laotian tribesmen, while on retreat from the Hong River Plain. He is succeeded by his elder brother Lý Thiên Bảo.

By topic

Commerce

• Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian merchant, writes his work Christian Topography. He describes the importance of the spice trade (especially in cloves and sweet aloes) in Ceylon, and the harvesting of pepper in India (approximate date).

Religion

• Saint Catherine's Monastery is established in the Sinai Peninsula.

549

• Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under Totila besiege Rome for the third time, after Belisarius has returned to Constantinople. He offers a peace agreement, but this is rejected by Emperor Justinian I
  .
• Totila conquers the city of Perugia (Central Italy) and stations a Gothic garrison. He takes bishop Herculanus prisoner, and orders him to be completely flayed. The Ostrogoth soldier asked to perform this gruesome execution shows pity, and decapitates Herculanus before the skin on every part of his body is removed.^[27]
• In the
  circus in Rome, the last chariot races are held.^[28]

• January - Battle of Ciiil Conaire, Ireland: Ailill Inbanda and his brother are defeated and killed.^[29]
• Agila I succeeds Theudigisel as king of the Visigoths, after he is murdered by a group of conspirators during a banquet in Seville.^[30]

Persia

• Spring –
  Caucasian Iberia.^[31]
  • The Romans unsuccessfully besiege Petra, Lazica.

Asia

• Liang Dynasty (China
  ).

• c. 549–
  Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt
  , is made.
• Fifth Council of Orléans: Nine archbishops and forty-one bishops pronounce an anathema against the errors of Nestorius and Eutyches.^[32]
• Bishop Maximianus of Ravenna consecrates the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.
• The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory (which still exists) is founded in Ireland.

Significant people

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)

• Totila
• Pope Gregory I
• Abu Quhafa

Births

540

• Authari, king of the Lombards (approximate date)
• Columbanus, Irish missionary (or 543)
• Galswintha, Neustrian queen, married to Chilperic I (d. 568)
• duke of Bavaria (d. 591
  )
• Pope Gregory I (the Great) (d. 604)
• John of Biclaro, Visigoth chronicler (approximate date)
• Myrddin Wyllt, Welsh legend (approximate date)

541

• Sui Dynasty (d. 604
  )

• Sui Dynasty (d. 623
  )
• Xiao Min Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 557)
• Liang Dynasty (d. 585
  )

• Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia (approximate date)
• Columbanus, Irish missionary (d. 615)
• Jing Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (d. 558)
• Wu Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 578)

544

• Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Sui dynasty (d. 602)
• Jing Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (d. 558)
• Yuwen Xian, prince of Northern Zhou (d. 578)

545

• Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib, father of Muhammad (d. 570
  )
• Fei Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 561)
• Peter, Byzantine general (d. 602)

547

• Pei Ju, official of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty (d. 627)
• Zhu Manyue, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 586)

548

• Southern Dynasties
  (approximate date)

549

• Abū Lahab, uncle and staunch critic of Muhammad (d. 624
  )
• Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 623)

Deaths

540

• Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic
• Dionysius Exiguus (approximate date)
• Fridolin of Säckingen Irish missionary
• Vedast, Frankish bishop
• Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths
• Yifu, empress of Western Wei (b. 510)
• Yujiulü, empress of Western Wei (b. 525)

541

• Persian
  general
• John Tzibus, Byzantine governor-merchant in Lazica
• Eraric, king of the Ostrogoths
• Ildibad, king of the Ostrogoths

542

• August 27 – Caesarius, bishop of Arles
• Eógan Bél, king of Connacht (Ireland)

543

• Octa, king of Kent (approximate date) (b. 500)
• Adolius, Byzantine officer
• John the Prophet, Palestinian hermit and Desert Father^[33]
• Seridus of Gaza, Palestinian abbot^[34]

544

• October 18 – Wenna, Cornish saint (approximate date)
• Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini era (approximate date)
• Solomon, Byzantine general and prefect of Africa

545

• June 3 – Clotilde, Christian wife of Clovis I and ancestress of the succeeding Merovingian dynasty (b.474)
• October 12 – Mobhí Clárainech, Irish abbot and saint
• Stotzas, Byzantine rebel leader
• Approximate date
  • Budic II, king of Brittany
  • bishop of Sipontum
  • Medardus, bishop of Vermandois

546

• Walthari, king of the Lombards

547

• February 10 – Scholastica, Christian nun
• March 21, death of twin brother of St Scholastica, Saint Benedict, famous for building the Monastery of Mt Cassino and for his Benedictine Monastic Rule, Patron Saint of Europe, dies
• Gao Huan, general of Northern Wei (b. 496)
• Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
• Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 548)
• Tribonian, Byzantine jurist and author of the Codex Justinianus

548

• April 13 – Lý Nam Đế, emperor of Vietnam
• Theodora I
  , Byzantine Empress
• Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces (Algeria)
• Chen Daoten, father of Xuan Di (or 549)
• Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 547)
• Theudis, king of the Visigoths

549

• January – Ailill Inbanda, king of Connacht (Ireland) (killed in battle)^[29]
• February 16 – Zhu Yi, official of the Liang dynasty (b. 483)
• December 12 – Finnian of Clonard, Irish monastic saint (b. 470)
• exact date unknown
  • Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, Irish monastic saint^[35]
  • Gao Cheng, official and regent of Eastern Wei (b. 521)^[36]
  • bishop of Perugia^[37]
  • Theudigisel, king of the Visigoths (assassinated)^[38]
  • Túathal Máelgarb, king of Tara (Ireland)^[39]
  • Wu Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (b. 464)^[40]
  • Xiao Zhengde, prince of the Liang dynasty^[41]
  • Xu Zhaopei, princess of the Liang dynasty^[42]