Pu–Xian Min
| Pu–Xian Min | |
|---|---|
| 莆仙語/莆仙話/興化話 Pó-sing-gṳ̂/Pó-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā | |
| Native to | China, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan (Wuqiu) |
| Region | Fujian (Putian, parts of Fuzhou and Quanzhou) |
| Ethnicity | Putianese (Han Chinese) |
Native speakers | 3.15 million (2022)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Simplified Han characters Traditional Han characters Hinghwa Romanized (Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cpx |
| Glottolog | puxi1243 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-id |
 Pu–Xian Min | |
Pu–Xian Min (
Coastal Min which shares characteristics with both Eastern Min and Southern Min
, although it is closer to the latter.
The native language of
Fujian Province, Republic of China (Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng, Fuding in northern Fujian also speak Pu-Xian.[5]
There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.
Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist in
Henghua
, Hinghua, or Xinghua.
History
Before the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and people there spoke a form of Southern Min.[6][7] due to its origin in the past.
In 979 AD, during the
Song Dynasty, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements of Eastern Min, such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based on Southern Min. It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization with Southern Min varieties.[8]
Pu-Xian Min has 62% cognates with
Quanzhou dialect (Southern Min) and only 39% cognates with Fuzhou dialect (Eastern Min).[9]
Characteristics
Differences with Southern Min dialects
Pu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:
- The vowel 'a' is replaced by /ɒ/ (o̤) in most cases, e.g. 腳 ko̤ "leg".
- The vowel 'ư' /ɯ/ is replaced by /y/ ('ṳ'), e.g. 魚 hṳ "fish".
- In Putian 'ng' has changed to /uŋ/ except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. 湯 tung "soup".
- The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /ɒ/ o̤, e.g. 馬 bo̤ "horse".
- Where Quanzhou has 'ĩ' and Zhangzhou has 'ẽ', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'ã', e.g. 病 baⁿ "sick", where ⁿ indicates a nasalized vowel.
- The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a̤u), e.g. 笑 ciao "laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. 張 da̤uⁿ corresponding to Zhangzhou tioⁿ.
- Nasals 'm' sometimes occur in place of voiced stops 'b', e.g. 夢 mang vs. Quanzhou bang.
- Initial consonant 'ng' replaces 'g' e.g. 五 'ngo' vs. Quanzhou 'go'.
- There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in free variation.
Borrowings from Eastern Min
- Wife 老媽 (Lau Ma)
Phonology
Pu-Xian has 15
.Pu-Xian has 53 finals and 6 phonemic tones.
Initials
Bilabial |
Alveolar | Velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | p 巴 (b) | t 打 (d)
|
k 家 (g) | ʔ 烏 |
aspirated
|
pʰ 彭 (p) | tʰ 他 (t) | kʰ 卡 (k) | ||
Nasals
|
m 麻 (m) | n 拿 (n)
|
ŋ 雅 (ng) | ||
Fricatives
|
β* | ɬ 沙 (s)
|
h 下 (h) | ||
Affricates
|
unaspirated | ts 渣 (c) | |||
aspirated
|
tsʰ 査 (ch) | ||||
| Approximant | l 拉 (l)
|
||||
- β (only appears in connected speech. It's a result of consonant mutation of [p])
Finals
Pu-Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)
| Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no glide | a 鴉 (a) | au 拗 (au) | aŋ 王 (ang) | aʔ 壓 (ah) |
| ɒ 奥 (o̤) | ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) | ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h) | ||
| ɔ 科 (eo) | ɔu 烏 (o) | ɔŋ 温 (eong) | oʔ 熨 (eoh) | |
| e 裔 (a̤) | ai 愛 (ai) | ɛŋ 煙 (eng) | ɛʔ 黑 (eh) | |
| œ 改 (e̤) | œŋ 換 (e̤ng) | œʔ 郁 (e̤h) | ||
| ŋ 伓 (ng) | ||||
| /-i-/ | i 衣 (i) | iu 油 (iu) | iŋ 引 (ing) | iʔ 益 (ih) |
| ia 夜 (ia) | iau 要 (a̤u) | iaŋ 鹽 (iang) | iaʔ 葉 (iah) | |
| /-u-/ | u 夫 (u) | ui 位 (ui) | uŋ 黄 (ng) | |
| ua 画 (ua) | ɔi/ue 歪 (oi) | uaŋ 碗 (uang) | uaʔ 活 (uah) | |
| /-y-/ | y 余 (ṳ) | yŋ 恩 (ṳng) | yʔ 役 (ṳh) | |
| yɒ 安 (io̤ⁿ) | yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) | yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h) |
| Chinese character | 黃 (ńg) | 方 (hng) | 漲 (dn̂g) | 幫 (bng) | 光 (gng) | 兩 (nn̄g) | 毛 (mńg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | uŋ | huŋ | tuŋ | puŋ | kuŋ | nuŋ | muŋ |
Xianyou
|
ŋ̍ | hŋ̍ | tŋ̍ | pŋ̍ | kŋ̍ | nŋ̍ | mŋ̍ |
| IPA | ã | ẽ | ɛ̃ | ĩ | ỹ | ɒ̃ | iã | yã | uã | aĩ | aũ | uĩ | iũ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | aⁿ | a̤ⁿ | a̤ⁿ | e̤ⁿ | o̤ⁿ | iaⁿ | io̤ⁿ | uaⁿ | oiⁿ | a̤uⁿ | |||
| Romanized IPA | ã | ẽ | ø̃ | ɒ̃ | iã | yɒ̃ | uã | oĩ | ɛũ |
| Chinese character | 爭 (caⁿ) | 還 (há̤ⁿ) | 段 (dē̤ⁿ) | 三 (so̤ⁿ) | 鼎 (diáⁿ) | 張 (da̤uⁿ) | 看 (kua̍ⁿ) | 飯 (bōiⁿ) | 贏 (ió̤ⁿ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xianyou | tsã | hĩ | tỹ | sɒ̃ | tiã | tiũ | kʰuã | puĩ | yɒ̃ |
| Putian | tsa | hi | tø | sɒ | tia | tiau | kʰua | puai | yɒ |
Tone
| Tone | Ing-báⁿ 陰平 | Ing-siō̤ng 陰上 | Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去 | Ing-ci̍h 陰入 | Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平 | Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去 | Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | ˥˧˧ (533) | ˦˥˧ (453) | ˦˨ (42) | ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21) | ˩˧ (13) | ˩ (11) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Xianyou | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ˨˦ (24) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
Register
| Chinese character | 買 | 黃 | 生 | 領 | 師 | 兩 | 火 | 壁 | 著 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colloquial | pe | ŋ̍ | ɬã, tsʰã | nia | ɬai | nŋ̍ | hoe | pia | tieu |
| Literary | mai | hɒŋ | ɬɛŋ | liŋ | ɬo | løŋ | hɒ | piʔ | tøʔ |
Assimilation
新婦房 ɬiŋ pu paŋ → ɬiŋ mu βaŋ
青草 tsʰɔŋ tsʰau → tsʰɔŋ nau
Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan
| Chinese character | 埋 (lit.) | 萬 (lit.) | 人 (lit.) | 入 | 危 (lit.) | 逆 | 內 | 諾 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | mai | man | tsin | tsiʔ | kui | kiʔ | tue | tɔʔ |
| Quanzhou | bai | ban | lin | dzip | ɡui | ɡiak | lue | lɔk |
Sentence-final particles
- ah (啊): used to express exclamation.
- lah (啦): used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words.
- neh (呢): used for questioning.
- nɔ (唔): used to express emotion.
- yɔu (哟): used to denote obviousness or contention.
Romanization
Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) is the Romanization system for Pu-Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.
The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:
- 陰平 Ing-báⁿ (unmarked)
- 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng ˆ (â)
- 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ ˈ (a̍)
- 陰入 Ing-ci̍h (unmarked)
- 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ ́ (á)
- 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ – (ā)
- 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h ˈh (a̍h)
| IPA | Pu-Xian Min (Xinghua) | Fuzhou |
|---|---|---|
| pʰ | p | p |
| tʰ | t | t |
| kʰ | k | k |
| p | b | b |
| t | d | d |
| k | g | g |
| tsʰ | ch | ch |
| ts | c | c |
| Tone | 陰平 Ing-báⁿ | 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng | 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ | 陰入 Ing-ci̍h | 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ | 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ | 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ | a | â | a̍ | ah | á | ā | a̍h |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ah | â | ā | a̍h |
Notes
References
- ^ Pu–Xian Min at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- JSTOR 2718766
- ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- – via en.cnki.com.cn.
- ^ "Shìjiè shàng gēnběn wú Mǐnnányǔ ~ Wáng Huánán" 世界上根本無閩南語 ~ 王華南 [There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan]. Táiwān wǎng lù jiàohuì 台灣網路教會 (in Chinese). 2011-05-27.
- ^ "Cháozhōuhuà" 潮州话 [Teochew Dialect]. 8944.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
- ^ Lien, Chinfa (August 17–19, 1998). "Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective". International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects.
- ^ Li, Rulong 李如龍; Chen, Zhangtai 陳章太 (1991). Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyì 論閩方言內部的主要差異 – 閩語硏究 [On the Main Differences in Min Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58–138.
External links
Pu–Xian Min repository of Wikisource, the free library
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
| ||||
| East and Southeast Asia |
| ||||
Arunachal ) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Major groups |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinghua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hui | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unclassified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
forms
- Standard Chinese
- Sichuanese
- Taiwanese
- Philippine
- Malaysian
- Singaporean
- Cantonese
- Hokkien
- Hakka
- Historical
- Old National
- Cantonese
- Hokkien
- Northern Wu
- Mandarin
- Literary and colloquial readings
Input
- Biaoxingma
- Boshiamy
- Cangjie
- CKC
- Dayi
- Pinyin
- Stroke count
- Wubi (Wang Ma)
- ZhengMa
forms
| Official |
|---|
- Chinese characters
- Simplified
- Traditional
- Punctuation
