Wuming Mandarin
| Wuming Mandarin | |
|---|---|
| Wuming Guanhua | |
| 武鸣官话 | |
| Native to | Wuming District |
Native speakers | 40,000 (2005)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Wuming Mandarin or Wuming Guanhua (
Wuming District, specifically in the towns of Chengxiang and Fucheng.[3][4][5] It is a variety that has been influenced substantially by Zhuang, which is the majority language of the district.[6][3]
Classification
Wuming Mandarin is classified as a part of the Gui–Liu subgroup (桂柳片; Guì-Liǔ piàn) of Southwestern Mandarin.[7][8] The second edition of the Language Atlas of China further classifies it as part of the Guinan (southern Guangxi) cluster (桂南小片; Guìnán xiǎopiàn).[8]
Phonology
Initials
There are 18 phonemic initials (including the
zero initial):[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
plain | p | t |
k | ʔ | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
Affricate
|
plain | ts | |||||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | ||||||||
Fricative
|
f | s | x | ||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ |
||||||||
| Nasal | m | n
|
ŋ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l
|
||||||||
Rimes
There are seventy (70) rimes.[2]
Tones
There are seven tones, six of which are native:[9]
| Name | Tone letter |
|---|---|
| yin level (阴平; 陰平) | ˧ (33) |
| yang level (阳平; 陽平) | ˨˩ (21) |
| rising (上声; 上聲) | ˥ (55) |
| departing (去声; 去聲) | ˨˦ (24) |
| high entering (入声高调; 入聲高調) | ˥ (55) |
| low entering (入声低调; 入聲低調) | ˨˩ (21) |
The other tone, ˧˥ (35), is non-native, occurs in very few words, and corresponds to the yin level (阴平; 陰平) tone in Pinghua.[9]
Notes
- ^ WCAEB 2013, p. 137.
- ^ a b c Lu 2013, p. 56.
- ^ a b WCAEB 1998, vol. 27, ch. 1, sec. 2.
- ^ Lu 2012, p. 5.
- ^ Huang 1997, p. 57.
- ^ Huang 1997, p. 59.
- ^ CASS & AAH 1987, B6.
- ^ a b Liu 2012, p. 169.
- ^ a b Lu 2013, p. 57.
References
- ISBN 0-582-99903-0.
- Huang, Yuanwei (1997). "The Interaction between Zhuang and the Yue (Cantonese) Dialects". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 57–76. ISBN 1-55671-005-4.
- Liu, Cunhan (2012). B2—2、3、4 广西壮族自治区的汉语方言. 中国语言地图集 [ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
- Lu, Miaoyan (2012). 武鸣县城官话调查报告 [Wuming County Mandarin Investigation Report] (master's) (in Chinese). Guangxi University.
- Lu, Miaoyan (2013). 武鸣县城官话同音字汇 [Homophony Syllabary of Wuming County Mandarin]. Journal of Baise University (in Chinese). 26 (5): 56–64.
- Wuming County Annals Editorial Board, ed. (1998). 武鸣县志 [Wuming County Annals] (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House. ISBN 7219036698.
- Wuming County Annals Editorial Board, ed. (2013). 武鸣县志（1991～2005） [Wuming County Annals (1991–2005)] (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-219-08337-6.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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Arunachal ) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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| Hui | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unclassified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
forms
- Standard Chinese
- Sichuanese
- Taiwanese
- Philippine
- Malaysian
- Singaporean
- Cantonese
- Hokkien
- Hakka
- Historical
- Old National
- Cantonese
- Northern Wu
- Mandarin
- Literary and colloquial readings
Input
- Biaoxingma
- Boshiamy
- Cangjie
- CKC
- Dayi
- Pinyin
- Stroke count
- Wubi (Wang Ma)
- ZhengMa
forms
| Official |
|---|
- Chinese characters
- Simplified
- Traditional
- Punctuation
