Étienne-Jules Marey
Étienne-Jules Marey (French:
His work was significant in the development of
Biography
Marey started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Then he shifted to analyzing heart beats, respiration, muscles (myography), and movement of the body. To aid his studies he developed many instruments for precise measurements. For example, in 1859, in collaboration with the physiologist Auguste Chauveau and the watch manufacturer Breguet, he developed a wearable Sphygmograph to measure the pulse. This sphygmograph was an improvement on an earlier and more cumbersome design by the German physiologist Karl von Vierordt.[3] In 1869 Marey constructed a very delicate artificial insect to show how an insect flies and to demonstrate the figure-8 shape it produced during movement of its wings. He fixed a gold foil to an insect wing and shone light on it to study the flapping of the wing. He also used a soot covered glass-fibre introduced along the path of the insect wing to determine if it crossed with the wing in the upper stroke or lower stroke by examining the side on which the soot was cleared.[4] Then he became fascinated by movements of air and started to study bigger flying animals, like birds. He adopted and further developed animated photography into a separate field of chronophotography in the 1880s. His revolutionary idea was to record several phases of movement on one photographic surface. In 1890 he published a substantial volume entitled Le Vol des Oiseaux (The Flight of Birds), richly illustrated with photographs, drawings, and diagrams. He also created stunningly precise sculptures of various flying birds.
Marey studied other animals too. He published La Machine animale in 1873 (translated as "Animal Mechanism"). The English photographer
Marey hoped to merge anatomy and physiology. To better understand his chronophotographic images, he compared them with images of the anatomy, skeleton, joints, and muscles of the same species. Marey produced a series of drawings showing a horse trotting and galloping, first in the flesh and then as a skeleton.
The presence and activity of Marey in
He proposed "Marey's Law", a law that stated that an increase in blood pressure caused a lowering of the heart rate and vice versa.[7]
He also invented "Marey's tambour" for physiological experiments.[8]
Chronophotography
Marey's chronophotographic gun was made in 1882. This instrument was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second, with all the frames recorded on the same picture. Using these pictures he studied horses, birds, dogs, sheep, donkeys, elephants, fish, microscopic creatures, molluscs, insects, reptiles, etc. Some call it Marey's "animated zoo". Marey also conducted the famous study about cats always landing on their feet. He conducted very similar studies with a chicken and a dog and found that they could do almost the same. Marey also studied human locomotion. He published another book Le Mouvement in 1894.
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Étienne-Jules Marey in Napoli. In the hand notes the date is readable: "March 1882"
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Illustration of the chronophotographic gun from La Nature n. 464, 22 April 1882, p. 326
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Marey's photographic gun, on display at Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.
Marey also made movies. They were at a high speed (60 images per second) and of excellent image quality. His research on how to capture and display moving images helped the emerging field of cinematography.
Towards the end of his life he returned to studying the movement of quite abstract forms, like a falling ball. His last great work was the observation and photography of smoke trails. This research was partially funded by
Bibliography
- Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang (1863) (Physiology of blood circulation.)
- Études physiologiques sur les caractères graphiques des battements du cœur (1865) (Physiological studies on the graphic characteristics of heartbeats.)
- Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie (Movement in the functions of life.)
- Experiments done in his private laboratory – La Revue scientifique (1866)
- Experiments done at Collège de France – Germer-Baillière (1868)
- Du vol des oiseaux (The flight of birds), La Revue scientifique 14, 21 August 11 September and 2 October 1869 (Text on line)
- La Machine animale. Locomotion terrestre et aérienne (The animal machine, terrestrial and aerial locomotion)(1873–1874)
- Physiologie expérimentale (Experimental physiology) (1875)
- Pression et vitesse du sang (Pressure and flow-rate of blood) (1876)
- Moteurs Animés. Expériences de physiologie graphique, (A Study in Motion) La Nature, N°278 – 28 September 1878 et N°279 – 5 October 1878
- La Méthode graphique dans les sciences expérimentales (1878) (Text on line)
- La Circulation du sang à l'état physiologique et dans les maladies (1881) (Text on line)
- Études pratiques sur la marche de l'homme. Expériences faites à la station physiologique du Parc des Princes., La Nature, N° 608 – 24 January 1885
- Le vol des oiseaux (1890) éd. G. Masson – Préface, La Revue scientifique, 19 October 1889
- Des appareils enregistreurs de la vitesse, La Nature, N°878 – 29 March 1890 (Text on line)
- Le vol des insectes étudié par la chronophotographie. La Nature N°974 – 30 Janvier 1892 Text on line
- Mouvements de natation de la raie, La Nature, N°1029 – 18 February 1893 (Text en line)
- Le Mouvement Des Liquides Étudié Par La Chronophotographie La Nature, N°1040 – 6 mai 1893 (Text en line)
- avec Georges Demenÿ, Études de physiologie artistique faites au moyen de la chronophotographie (1893)
- Des mouvements que certains animaux exécutent pour retomber sur leurs pieds, lorsqu'ils sont précipités d'un lieu élevé, La Nature, N°1119 – 10 November 1894 (Text en line)
- Le Mouvement (1894)
- La Station physiologique de Paris, La Revue scientifique, 29 December 1894 (Text en line) et 6 January 1895 (Text en line)
- Analyse des mouvements du cheval par la chronophotographie, La Nature, N°1306 – 11 Juin 1898 Text en line
See also
- Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)
- Chronophotography
- Velocimetry
References
- ^ "Bulletin de décès".
- PMID 10717979.
- ^ Braun, Marta, 1992, Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
- ^ Braun, Marta (1994). Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904). University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–34.
- ^ (IT) Étienne-Jules Marey nell’Archivio Storico della Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli
- ISBN 978-88-80-33-393-7
- PMID 35051375.
- PMID 16991287.
External links
- Mosquinha (1890) on YouTube
- La Vague (The Wave) (1891) on YouTube
- Two Fencers (1891) on YouTube
- Rabbits (1893) on YouTube
- Works by or about Étienne-Jules Marey at Internet Archive
- Works by Étienne-Jules Marey at Open Library
- The science of movement and the image of time: online exhibition by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris), with the Collège de France and Pr Marta Braun (Ryerson University), author of Picturing Time : The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (University of Chicago Press, 1992)
- Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, Photographer of Fluids
- Online exhibition of images, and movies, and animation
- Etienne-Jules Marey: digital library, BIUM (Paris)
- Photo, bibliography, and biography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
- Étienne-Jules Marey at IMDb
- La machine animale
- "Bodies Against Time," an essay by Zoe Beloff in online magazine Triple Canopy.
- Archival Materials on the European Film Gateway Portal
- Le Vol des Oiseaux