Śuri
| Śuri | |
|---|---|
| |
| Norse equivalent | Surtr |
Śuri (
.Name and attributes
The
Primarily the god of
His sacred animals were wolves and goats.[b]
Epithets and Greco-Roman equivalents
Śuri had many epithets,Greco-Roman epithets.
By interpretatio graeca, Śuri was identified with both the underworld god
romanized: Apulu);[3][4][17][18][9][8][19] their names are associated on Pyrgi inscriptions too.[20][3]
After his cult had been
Worship
Cult centers
The center of his cult was
Dīs Pater, with whom Soranus is sometimes identified.[15]
Other centers dedicated to this deity were the Surina (Viterbo), in the present-day province of Viterbo, Lazio, and the city of Sorano, in the province of Grosseto, Tuscany.[3][5][6]
Worshippers
The priests of Soranus were called Hirpi SoraniSabine: hirpus, lit. 'wolf').
Sabine: hirpus, lit. 'wolf') and devoted themselves to the cult of the god Soranus, who was later identified with Dīs Pater due the volcanic properties of the mountain and the underground nature of the god.[15][8]
They were
firewalkers; during the ceremonies, they walked on hot coals, holding the entrails of sacrificed goats.[15][18][22][23][6]
They were also considered skillful ornithomantists.[8]
During the annual festivities in honor of
Apollo Soranus and Feronia, they walked barefoot among burning logs without being burned, for which they were forever released by the Roman Senate from military service and other liturgies.[8]
The Lupercalia, in the Roman religion, probably derive from these priests.[10]
Partners
He had two female partners: his Etruscan consort
Cavatha), goddess of Moon and Underworld;[16][24][3] and his Faliscan sister-in-law Feronia, whose major sanctuary[c] was located near Mount Soracte.[23][19]
See also
- Apollo Smintheus
- Etruscan civilization
- List of Etruscan mythological figures
- Annotated links
- Dīs Pater– Roman god of the underworld
- Catha (mythology) – Etruscan goddess
- Feronia (mythology) – Italic goddess of wilderness and liberty
- Fufluns – Etruscan god of growth
- Orcus – Roman god of the underworld
- Surtr – Norse mythical character
Notes and references
Notes
- Zeus Chthonios).[6]
- ^ See § Worshippers.
- Latin: Lucus Feroniae.
References
- ^ De Simone 2012.
- ^ a b Colonna 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j National Etruscan Museum.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Maras 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Di Silvio 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Romano Impero 2021.
- ^ Orchard 1997.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Obnorsky 1900.
- ^ a b Bouke van der Meer 2013, pp. 323–341.
- ^ a b c d Rissanen 2013.
- ^ Colonna 2006, p. 141.
- ^ Bonfante & Bonfante 2002, p. 204.
- ^ Nonoss 2015.
- ^ Kenney & Clausen 1983.
- ^ a b c d Servius 380b, 11.785.
- ^ a b De Grummond 2004, p. 359.
- ^ a b Virgil, 11.786.
- ^ a b Pliny the Elder, 7.2.
- ^ a b Myth Index.
- ^ Colonna 2009, pp. 101–126.
- ^ Di Fazio 2013.
- ^ Silius Italicus, 5.175.
- ^ a b Strabo, 5.
- ^ De Grummond 2008, pp. 422, 425.
Bibliography
- Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (2016). "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties". In Bellelli, Vincenzo; Xella, Paolo (eds.). Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Vol. I–X. Verona. p. 155 – via Academia.edu.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002) [1983]. The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (2 ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719055409.
- Bonfante, Larissa; Swaddling, Judith (2006). Etruscan Myths. The Legendary Past (77). British Museum/University of Texas. ISBN 9780714122380.
- Bonnefoy, Yves, ed. (1992) [1991]. Roman and European Mythologies. Translated by Doniger, Wendy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30, 36. ISBN 9780226064550.
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992a). "Pre-Roman Italy". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 30.
- Pallottino, Massimo (1992b). "Etruscan Religion". In Bonnefoy (1992), p. 36.
- Briquel, Dominique (1997). Chrétiens et haruspices: La religion étrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain (in French). Presses de l'Ecole normale supérieure. ISBN 9782728802326.
- Capella, Martianus (1836) [Carthage, c. 420]. De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (in Latin). Vol. II. Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp. 164.
- Classical Association (1918). Postgate, John Percival; Arnold, Edward Vernon; Hall, Frederick William (eds.). Classical Quarterly. Translated by Postgate, John Percival. Clarendon Press. p. 107.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2001). "Divinazione e culto di Rath/Apollo a Caere (a proposito del santuario in loc. S. Antonio)". Archeologia Classica (in Italian). LII (2). L'Erma di Bretschneider: 151–173. doi:10.1400/258393.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2009). "L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il "Nero") e l'Apollo Sourios". Studi Etruschi (in Italian). LXXIII: 101–134. ISSN 0391-7762.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed. (2000) [1984]. "Apulu/Aplu". Etruschi: una nuova immagine (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9788809017924.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed. (1985). "Aplu". Dizionario illustrato della civiltà Etrusca (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-88-09-21728-7.
- JSTOR 1354077.
- ISBN 9781931707862.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson; Simon, Erika, eds. (2006). The Religion of the Etruscans. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292782334.
- Bonfante, Larissa. "Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion". In De Grummond & Simon (2006).
- Colonna, Giovanni. "Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans". In De Grummond & Simon (2006).
- Krauskopf, Ingrid. "The Grave and Beyond". In De Grummond & Simon (2006), p. vii, pp. 73–75.
- Simon, Erika. "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon". In De Grummond & Simon (2006).
- S2CID 193046316– via University of Chicago Press.
- S2CID 199472126.
- De Simone, Carlo (2012). "Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce". Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (in Italian) (32–33).
- Di Fazio, Massimiliano (2013). "Gli Hirpi del Soratte". In Cifani, Gabriele (ed.). Tra Roma e l'Etruria. Cultura, identità e territorio dei Falisci (in Italian). Edizioni Quasar. pp. 231–264. ISBN 978-88-7140-519-3– via Academia.edu.
- Di Silvio, Paola (18 November 2014). "Suri: L'Apollo Nero Degli Etruschi". EreticaMente (in Italian).
- Elliott, John (1 January 1995). "The Etruscan Wolfman in Myth and Ritual". Etruscan Studies. 2 (1): 17–33. S2CID 194102662.
- Haynes, Sybille (2000). Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366002.
- Jannot, Jean-René (2005). Religion in Ancient Etruria. Translated by Whitehead, J.K. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299208448.
- ISBN 9780521273732.
- Lecce, Vittoria. "Novembre e il dio Suri – Il Nero Signore" (in Italian). Museo Nazionale Etrusco.
- ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- Lübker, Friedrich (1855). Real Lexicon of Classical Antiquity (in German and Russian). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner Verlag. pp. 1303-1304:
Sorānus
- Maras, Daniele F. (2010). "Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi". Archeo (in Italian). No. 305. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014.
- Moore, Daniel (2018). "The Etruscan Goddess Catha". Etruscan Studies. 21 (1–2): 58–77. S2CID 188353013.
- Nonoss (2015). "Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham..." Au Fil du Temps (in French). Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- Obnorsky, Nikolai Petrovich (1900). "Соран, прозвище Аполлона". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. XXXa. Saint Petersburg: Brockhaus–Efron. p. 895.
- Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia. Vol. VII. 2 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Rissanen, Mika (2013) [2012]. "The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy". Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica. 46. Helsinki: Klassillis-filologinen yhdistys. ISSN 0570-734X– via Academia.edu.
- Servius (380). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil(in Latin). Vol. I–XII. Georgius Thilo – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Servius (380a). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil(in Latin). Vol. X. 199 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Servius (380b). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil(in Latin). Vol. XI. 785 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Silius Italicus. Punica (in Latin). Vol. V. 175 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Simon, Erika (1998). "Apollo in Etruria". Annali della Fondazione C. Faina di Orvieto V (in Italian): 119–141.
- Strabo. Geography. Vol. V – via Perseus Digital Library.
- Bouke van der Meer, Lammert (2013). "Lead Plaque of Magliano". Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Quaderni di Acme (134). Milan. pp. 323–341 (335) – via Academia.edu.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Virgil. Aeneid. Vol. XI. 786 – via Perseus Digital Library.
Further reading
- Babelon, Ernest (1 January 1963). Description Historique Et Chronologique Des Monnaies de La République Romaine Vulgairement Appelées Monnaies Consulaires (in French). Vol. 1. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291327748.
- Chhawchharia, Ajai Kumar (2015). The Chariot of God: Dharma Rath. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781516953776.
- ISBN 0-19-811181-9.
- Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. p. 803. ISBN 978-159339266-6.
- Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-34495-1.
- Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
- ISBN 0-85991-513-1.
- Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1220). "Gylfaginning". Prose Edda (in Old Norse).
- ISBN 978-0460876162.
- ISBN 978-0903521345.
- ISBN 978-0140447552.
- Tilton, Theodore (1897). The complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume. London, UK: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 705.
- Clarendon Press. p. 471.
External links
- "Culto di Soranus". Romano Impero (in Italian). July 2021.
- "Soranus". Myth Index. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017.
- "Vediove". Nova Roma: Calendar of Holidays and Festivals.
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