1953 Lahore riots

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Lahore riots of 1953
Part of the
persecution of Ahmadis in Pakistan

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
Date1 February 1953 – 14 May 1953
Location
Lahore, Pakistan
Result

See Aftermath section

Belligerents
 Pakistan Army
Punjab Police
Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam
Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat
Commanders and leaders
Azam Khan
Rahimuddin Khan
Abul Ala Maududi
Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
Casualties and losses
4 soldiers killed 11 killed[1]
49 wounded
Between 200[2] to 2,000 Ahmadis killed[3]

The Lahore riots of 1953 were a series of violent riots against the Ahmadiyya Movement, a faith marginalized in Pakistan, mainly in the city of Lahore, as well as the rest of Punjab, which were eventually quelled by the Pakistan Army who declared three months of martial law.[2] The demonstrations began in February 1953, soon escalating into citywide incidents, including looting, arson and the murder of somewhere between 200[2] and 2000 people.[3] Thousands more were left displaced. According to the official inquiry conducted by the Punjab Government, the actual number killed in these riots was around 20. The first page of the inquiry says that before the declaration of martial law, the police killed two people on the night of 4th March and ten the 5th. 66 people were admitted to Lahore hospitals with gunshot wounds. The military attempting to quell the disturbances in Lahore admitted to killing 11 and wounding 49. There were additional casualties in other towns.[1] Seeing that police were unable to contain the increasingly widespread unrest, Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad handed over the administration of the city to the army under Lieutenant General Azam Khan, imposing martial law on 6 March.

One of the major controversial differences between

independence of Pakistan in 1947, Ahmadis prospered and reached many high ranking Government and Military positions in Pakistan, due to an extremely high Literacy rate. They held up stay as an important political force in Pakistan, due to its support for secularism and acted as a counterbalance to Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam.[4]
This group was disillusioned and disorganized after 1947 and politically isolated. Even before partition one of its primary targets was the Ahmadiyya movement. However, in 1949, the Majlis-e-Ahrar launched countrywide campaigns and protests resulting in a ban on Majlis-e-Ahrar in 1954.

Demands and culmination

Disturbances began after an ultimatum was delivered to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 21 January 1953 by a deputation of ulama representing Majlis-i Amal (council of action) constituted by an All-Pakistan Muslim Parties Convention held in Karachi from 16 to 18 January 1953. (Including Tehreek-e-Khatme Nabuwwat — under

Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
) The ultimatum stated unless three demands were met:

  • Removal of
    Zafarullah Khan
    from the foreign ministry;
  • Removal of Ahmadis from top government offices;
  • Declaration of Ahmadis as non-Muslims.

... Majlis-e-Amal would resort to direct action (rast iqdum).[1]

Disturbances and aftermath

The ultimatum was rejected and disturbances commenced.[1]

On 6 March martial law was declared. Two people were killed by police prior to martial law and casualties "admitted by the military" caused in "quelling the disturbances in Lahore" were eleven killed and 49 wounded.[1]

Marking the military's first foray into civilian

Mian Mumtaz Daultana from the post of Chief Minister of Punjab
on 24 March, allegedly for manipulating the religious element in anti-Ahmadi violence for political benefits. Next on 17 April, using his special powers under the
Muhammad Ali Bogra (Pakistan's ambassador to the United States) replaced him. Bogra, who did not know why he was being called back, took the oath as new Prime Minister within hours of Nazimuddin's dismissal.[citation needed
]

On 19 June 1953 a Court Of Inquiry was established to look into disturbances, known as the

Punjab Disturbances Court Of Inquiry. The inquiry commenced on 1 July and held 117 sittings. The evidence was concluded on 23 January 1954 and arguments in the case lasted to 28 February 1954. Conclusions were formulated and the report issued 10 April 1954.[1]

Timeline

  • Jan - After the convention of the All Pakistan Muslim League at Dhaka, anti-Ahmadiyya elements threatened to take direct action after 22 February 1953, if their demands were not met.
  • 1 Feb - Burial of an Ahmadi was resisted by anti-Ahmadiyya elements in Sargodha.
  • 23 Feb - Anti-Ahmadiyya riots broke out in West Pakistan specially in Punjab Province.
  • 27 Feb - Publication of Alfazal, a publication of the Ahmadiyya community, published from Lahore, was banned by the Government for one year. The vacuum was filled by the publication of Farooq. The first issue of Farooq was published on 4 March but after the second issue, it was forced to stop publication on 11 March.
  • 5 Mar - Master Manzoor Ahmed, a teacher was killed in Baghbanpura, Lahore.
  • 6 Mar - Ahmadiyya Noor Mosque, Rawalpindi was attacked and set on fire by a mob.
    • Press belonging to an Ahmadi was burnt.
  • Many shops and houses belonging to Ahmadis and the President of Jamaat Ahmadiyya, Rawalpindi were ransacked.
  • 6 Mar - Countrywide riots including torture, murder attempts and arson started against the Ahmadiyya especially in Lahore.
  • 6 Mar - Martial law was declared in Lahore[5]
  • 8 Mar - Havaldar Abdul Ghafoor and another Ahmadi perfumer were killed in Lahore.
  • 12 Mar - Additional Magistrate Jhang prohibited the Supreme Head of the Ahmadiyya Community from commenting on anti-Ahmadiyya riots and the anti-Ahmadiyya movement.
  • 1 Apr - Mirza Shareef Ahmad and Mirza Nasir Ahmad were arrested in Lahore during the riots. They were released on 28 May.
    • Superintendent of Police Jhang searched Qasre Khilafat and the central offices of Sadar Anjuman Ahmadiyya, Chenab Nagar.
    • Nazir Tableegh was arrested.
  • 7 May - Martial law authorities passed the death sentence on Maulana Abdus Sattar Niazi.
  • 11 May - Martial Law authorities passed the death sentence on Abul Ala Maududi for writing Qadyani Masla, and certain press *statements delivered in February and March.
  • 13 May -
    Maududi
    's and Niazi's death sentences were changed to life sentences.
  • 14 May - Martial law was lifted.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Report of the Court of Inquiry - Introductory". The persecution.org. 10 April 1954. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9789004277793
    . Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  3. ^
    ISBN 9780788136313
    . Retrieved 30 October 2014. In order to rid the community of what it considered to be deviant behavior, the JI waged a campaign in 1953 against the Ahmadiyya community in Pakistan that resulted in some 2,000 deaths, brought on martial law rule in Punjab, ...
  4. ^ a b "Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations" (PDF). Harvard Human Rights Journal. 16. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2005.
  5. ^ "07 Mar 1953 - Martial Law After Lahore Riots". nla.gov.au. 7 March 1953.

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