Malik Ghulam Muhammad

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Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Muhammad Ali
Personal details
Born(1895-08-29)29 August 1895
Lahore, Punjab, British India
Died29 August 1956(1956-08-29) (aged 61)
Lahore, West Pakistan, Pakistan
Resting placeFauji Qabrastan near CSD off Shahra-e-Faisal Karachi
Citizenship Pakistan (1947–1956)
Political partyIndependent
SpouseBadshah Begum
ChildrenTwo
Alma materAligarh Muslim University
(BA in Acc.)
OccupationCivil servant, Chartered Accountant
Awards Knight Bachelor
Order of the Indian Empire

Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad[a] (20 April 1895 – 29 August 1956) was a Pakistani politician and economist who served as the third governor-general of Pakistan from 1951 to 1955.

Educated at the

Finance Minister where he helped draft the first five-year plans to alleviate the national economy. He co-founded Mahindra & Mohammed in 1945 (later Mahindra & Mahindra in 1948) with Jagdish Chandra Mahindra and Kailash Chandra Mahindra
.

Following the

Iskandar Ali Mirza
, who himself took control of the office. After resignation, he fought a brief but unsuccessful battle with his illness, that ultimately resulted in his death in 1956.

His personal image is viewed negatively by

Prime Minister Bogra's tenure.[1]

Biography

Family background and education

Malik Ghulam Muhammad was born in a

accountancy.[8][1]

Civil service and business interests

Main article: Indian Civil Service

After graduating from AMU, he joined the

Indian Railway Board before becoming the Controller of General Supplies and Purchase of the Indian Railways.[11]: 274–275  From June 1932 to February 1934, he was attached to the administration of Bhopal State, and worked under its nawab, Hamidullah Khan.[9] In March 1934, he returned to government service and was appointed deputy accountant-general (posts and telegraphs); in May, he was appointed as officiating deputy director-general (posts and telegraphs, finance), and was confirmed in the appointment in January 1935.[9] In July 1936, he was appointed as officiating financial officer in the same department, was confirmed in his appointment in April 1937 and was promoted to financial officer (communications) in October.[9]

Following the outbreak of the

Second World War, Muhammad was successively appointed to increasingly important positions: chief controller of stores in March 1940, controller-general of purchase in September 1940 and additional secretary to the Department of Supply in March 1941.[9]
His wartime services as a professional accountant were recognized by the British government that year when he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1941 Birthday Honours list.[12] In May 1942, Muhammad was assigned to the Hyderabad State administration,[9] in which he served as an advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad.

In 1945, he helped co-found the Mahindra and Mohamed Steel Company together with steel industrialists, JC Mahindra and KC Mahindra where Muhammad served the company's chartered accountant.[13] In 1945–47, the company initially registered as the Mahindra & Mohammad, and started the licensed production of the Willys jeeps in Bombay as Muhammad looked after the company's revenue and finances.[14]

After

Nawab of Bahawalpur, Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan V to represent him at the Round Table Conferences, and during this time, he began formatting political relations with Liaquat Ali Khan.[15] He left Hyderabad to join the Ministry of Finance in 1946.[15] In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours List, the last honours list in which Indian civil servants were recognised, he received a knighthood.[16]

Finance Minister (1947–51)

In 1946–47, Muhammad left

Cabinet Secretary under Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, assisting him in drafting and preparing India's first union budget.[15]

After witnessing the Partition of India in 1947, he decided to acquire the

citizenship of Pakistan and permanently settled in his native city, Lahore, on 14 August 1947.[15] He was brought up in the Liaquat administration when Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan appointed him as country's first Finance Minister.[15] He presented the first budget and submitted the draft of the First Five-Year Plans in 1948.[15]

In 1949, Muhammad invited leaders of the Muslim world to the International Islamic Economics Organization in Pakistan, where he emphasised the idea of a Muslim economic bloc.[15] During this time, he survived the fatal attack of paralysis that made him unable to talk or move effectively and began experiencing with poor health conditions.[17][15]

Governor-General

Further information:
1953 Pakistani constitutional coup

As early as 1951, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan had made a decision of removing Finance Minister Ghulam Muhammad due to his continuing worsening health conditions.[15] However, the decision was not taken due to the assassination of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in October 1951.[15] On 17 October 1951, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin nominated himself to succeed as Prime Minister, appointing his own cabinet, and consequently resigned his position as Governor-General of Pakistan and recommended King George VI to appoint Muhammad to succeed him as Governor-General.[15]

In 1953, Muhammad represented Pakistan at the

New Zealand, Union of South Africa and Dominion of Ceylon.[18] Upon returning to Pakistan, he witnessed the agitation caused by the language movement in Dacca in East Pakistan, and the series of anti-Qadiyani protests in Lahore, Punjab in Pakistan. Both events led him to use the reserve powers awarded by the Government of India Act 1935 against Prime Minister Nazimuddin, effectively dismissing his administration only to be replaced with diplomat M. A. Bogra.[19]
: 118–119 

In 1954, the

Federal Court of Pakistan, led by Chief Justice Muhammad Munir, in a split decision.[19]
: 119–121 

Historians consider this action the beginning of viceregal politics in Pakistan, in which the military and civil bureaucracy, not elected officials, would gain increasing influence over the country's policymaking.[21]

During this time, Muhammad's health began to deteriorate, and

Iskandar Ali Mirza as acting Governor-General, but Mirza dismissed him from his post in order to take his place, supported by the Constituent Assembly's legislators.[15]

Death

Malik's grave at Fauji Qabrastan, next to Gora Qabrastan (Christians) near CSD off Shahra-e-Faisal Karachi

On 29 August 1956, Malik Ghulam Muhammad died and was buried in Karachi in Foji Qabristan, next to Christian's Graveyard, Gora Qabristan in Karachi.

Notes

  1. Urdu
    : ملک غلام محمد

References

  1. ^ a b Ghulam Muhammad - Story of Pakistan, Retrieved 8 June 2017
  2. ^ Rahi, Arwin (25 February 2020). "Why Afghanistan should leave Pakistani Pashtuns alone". The Express Tribune (Opinion). Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Malik Ghulam Muhammad - Governor-General of Pakistan". Pakistan Herald. 23 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Ex Gov.Gen. Ghulam Muhammad's 54th death anniversary today". Samaa TV. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  5. ^ Sheikh, Majid (22 October 2017). "The history of Lahore's Kakayzais". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  6. ISBN 978-1-317-24509-4
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-230-59904-8
    .
  8. ^ "Ex-Governor General Ghulam Mohammad's anniversary today". Samaa TV. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. p. 199.
  10. ISBN 978-0-230-37629-8
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-969-460-002-4
    .
  12. ^ "No. 35184". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1941. p. 3285.
  13. ISBN 978-0-7391-8826-2
    .
  14. ^ Mahindra, Mahindra. "Mahindra's history - Mahindra Rise". www.mahindra.com. Mahindra. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Ghulam Muhammad--Former Governor General of Pakistan". Story Of Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  16. ^ "No. 37598". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1946. p. 2757.
  17. ^ Balouch, Akhtar (3 October 2014). "Graves laden with sweets". Dawn. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Malik Ghulam Muhammad". prideofpakistan.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  19. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-65794-1
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-107-03815-8
    .
  21. ^ "The New Dictatorship". Time. 8 November 1954. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Political offices
New office
Minister of Finance

1947–1951 		Succeeded by
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
Preceded by Governor-General of Pakistan
1951–1955 		Succeeded by
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