Targeted immunization strategies

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Targeted immunization strategies are approaches designed to increase the

complex networks, biological, social or artificial in nature.[1] Identification of at-risk groups and individuals with higher odds of spreading the disease often plays an important role in these strategies, since targeted immunization in high-risk groups is necessary for effective eradication efforts and has a higher return on investment than immunizing larger but lower-risk groups.[1][3][4]

Background

The success of

small pox[7] and rinderpest, and the near eradication of polio,[8] which plagued the world before the second half of the 20th century.[9][10]

Network-based strategies

More recently researchers have looked at exploiting network connectivity properties to better understand and design immunization strategies to prevent major epidemic outbreaks.

heterogeneity) in degree offers immunization strategies based on targeting members of the network according to their connectivity rather than random immunization of the network. In epidemic modeling on scale-free networks, targeted immunization schemes can considerably lower the vulnerability of a network to epidemic outbreaks over random immunization schemes. Typically these strategies result in the need for far fewer nodes to be immunized in order to provide the same level of protection to the entire network as in random immunization.[1][14] In circumstances where vaccines are scarce, efficient immunization strategies become necessary to preventing infectious outbreaks.[15]

Examples

A common approach for targeted immunization studies in scale-free networks focuses on targeting the highest degree nodes for immunization. These nodes are the most highly connected in the network, making them more likely to spread the contagion if infected. Immunizing this segment of the network can drastically reduce the impact of the disease on the network and requires the immunization of far fewer nodes compared to randomly selecting nodes.[1] However, this strategy relies on knowing the global structure of the network, which may not always be practical.[citation needed]

A recent centrality measure, Percolation Centrality, introduced by Piraveenan et al.

ring-vaccination surrounding the source of infection is most effective, whereas if the proportion of people already infected is much higher than the number of people that could be vaccinated quickly, then vaccination will only help those who are vaccinated and herd immunity cannot be achieved.[6] Percolation centrality-based vaccination is most effective in the critical scenario where the infection has already spread too far to be completely surrounded by ring-vaccination, yet not spread wide enough so that it cannot be contained by strategic vaccination. Nevertheless, Percolation Centrality also needs full network topology to be computed, and thus is more useful in higher levels of abstraction (for example, networks of townships rather than social networks of individuals), where the corresponding network topology can more readily be obtained.[citation needed
]

Increasing immunization coverage

Millions of children worldwide do not receive all of the routine vaccinations as per their national schedule. As immunization is a powerful public health strategy for improving child survival, it is important to determine what strategies work best to increase coverage. A Cochrane review assessed the effectiveness of intervention strategies to boost and sustain high childhood immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries.[17] Forty-one trials were included but most of the evidence was of low quality.[17] Providing parents and other community members with information on immunization, health education at facilities in combination with redesigned immunization reminder cards, regular immunization outreach with and without household incentives, home visits, and integration of immunization with other services may improve childhood immunization coverage in low-and middle-income countries.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani A (March 2002). "Immunization of complex networks". Physical Review E. 65 (3 Pt 2A): 036104.
    S2CID 15581869
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  2. ^ "Vaccines and immunization". www.cdc.gov/vaccines/. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  3. ^ Piddle S (October 14, 2014). "VNA nurses bring shots to school". Clinton Herald. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-0-323-95389-4
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  5. ^ John TJ, Samuel R (2000-07-01). "Herd immunity and herd effect: new insights and definitions". European Journal of Epidemiology. 16 (7): 601–606.
    S2CID 23504580
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  6. ^ a b "Community Immunity ("Herd" Immunity)". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  7. ^ Bazin H (2000). The Eradication of Small Pox. London: Academic Press.
    ISBN 978-0-12-083475-4
    .
  8. ^ "Updates on CDC's Polio Eradication Efforts". www.cdc.gov/polio. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  9. ^ Lewis T (October 28, 2014). "Polio Vaccine: How the US' Most Feared Disease Was Eradicated". LiveScience. Purch. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  10. ^ McNeil Jr DG (May 5, 2014). "Polio's Return After Near Eradication Prompts a Global Health Warning". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
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  12. S2CID 14559344
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  13. S2CID 524106
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  14. PMID 25026972
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  15. PMID 20862297
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  16. ^
    PMID 23349699
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  17. ^
    PMID 38054505
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