Airborne observatory
An airborne observatory is an
Multiple observations of solar eclipses were performed from 1920 to 1980. NASA created first specialised airborne observatory, Galileo, in 1965. SOFIA, the latest such observatory, was retired in 2022.
History
Eclipse chasing
Early attempts
First attempts to observe astronomical objects from planes were made in 1920 from a biplanes. Until 1960, the main objects of such observations were solar eclipses.[2]
In 1923, US Navy tried to observe
Army Air Corps and the National Geographic Society organized another expedition in 1932, to observe the eclipse of August 31. Accompanied by Lieutenant Charles D. McAllister of the Army Air Corps, Stevens took the first photograph of the Moon's shadow projected onto the Earth during a solar eclipse.[5][2][6]
After the war
For the solar eclipse of June 30, 1954, observations were made "from the open door of a special Lincoln aircraft". Photographs helped "to derive coronal brightness and polarization, along with sky brightness and polarization". Several missions were made in 1960s. Three
In 1973, the French
NASA used two retrofitted
NASA observatories
First NASA airborne observatory, Galileo, was a modified
To avoid atmospheric absorption of infrared radiation,
The
discovery of the rings around the planet Uranus; detection of water vapor in comets; discovery of Pluto's atmosphere; the composition, structure, and dynamics of Supernova 1987a; luminosity, dust, and gas distributions in the Galactic Center; emission by shocked gas components of the interstellar medium; and the structure of star-forming clouds.
-
12-inch infrared telescope of the Learjet Observatory
-
Kuiper Airborne Observatory interior
In terms of aperture, the largest aircraft-borne instrument to date is a 2.7 m (110 in) reflector telescope carried by a modified Boeing 747 for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) project. This instrument was put into use for astronomical observation in 2010.[13] On 29 June 2015, the dwarf planet Pluto passed between a distant star and the Earth producing a shadow on the Earth near New Zealand that allowed SOFIA to study the atmosphere of Pluto.[14]
Features
By carrying the telescope to a sufficiently high altitude, the telescope can avoid
Airborne observatories are very expensive to operate, because they require a crew, a pilot, and fuel.[15] The cost of running SOFIA observatory per year was nearly the same as of the Hubble Space Telescope.[16]
List of specially-built airborne observatories
Observatory | Photo | Aircraft | Tail# | Telescope | In-service | Out-of-service | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NASA Galileo Airborne Observatory | Convair 990
|
N711NA | 1965 | 1973 | Destroyed in a mid-air collision. | [2] | ||
NASA Learjet Observatory ]
|
Learjet 24B | N705NA | 31 cm | 1966 | 1974[a] | [2][17][18] | ||
NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) | Lockheed C-141A Starlifter
|
N714NA | 91 cm | 1974 | 1995 | Replaced both Galileo and Learjet, replaced by SOFIA. | [18] | |
NASA-DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) | Boeing 747 | N747NA | 2.7 m | 2010 | 2022 | Replaced KAO. | [18] |
See also
- Balloon-borne telescope
- Space telescope
- Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
Notes
- ^ last flight
References
- ^ a b Maloney, Wendi A. (21 August 2017). "Looking to the Sky: Solar Eclipse 2017 | Timeless". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ ISSN 0096-736X.
- ^ LaFollette, Marcel Chotkowski (24 January 2017). "Science Service, Up Close: Up in the Air for a Solar Eclipse". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Aceto, Guy (26 January 2022). "To Catch a Shadow: The Great 1925 Solar Eclipse Aerial Expedition". HistoryNet. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ "Stevens Photographs Eclipse 5 Miles In Air. Army Expert Says That Corona Sprang Into Sight as if Switch Was Snapped". The New York Times. September 1, 1932. p. 10. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
Flying at an altitude of five miles near the centre line of the eclipse zone, the aerial unit of the National Geographic Society's eclipse expedition, conducted by Captain Albert W. Stevens and Lieutenant Charles D. McAllister of the Army Air Corps, had an unobstructed view of the eclipse throughout totality. ...
- ^ "Albert W. Stevens Photo From 23,000 Feet - Raymond H. Fogler Library - University of Maine". Raymond H. Fogler Library. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Mulkin, Barb. "In Flight: The Story of Los Alamos Eclipse Missions". Los Alamos Science. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
- ^ Chris Hatherill (9 March 2016). "When Astronomers Chased a Total Eclipse in a Concorde". Motherboard. Vice.
- ^ "Chasing the Total Solar Eclipse from NASA's WB-57F Jets - NASA". July 25, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Crash of a Convair CV-990-30A-5 at Moffett AFB: 11 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives". www.baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Cruikshank, D. P.; Kuiper, G. P. (1 January 1968). Arizona-NASA atlas of infrared solar spectrum - A preliminary report (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (June 20, 2009), "Frank J. Low, Who Helped Drive Field of Infrared Astronomy, Dies at 75", The New York Times
- ^ "SOFIA - NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Veronico, Nicholas A.; Squires, Kate K. (29 June 2015). "SOFIA in the Right Place at the Right Time for Pluto Observations". NASA. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ Witze, Alexandra. "Costly SOFIA Telescope Faces Termination after Years of Problems". Scientific American. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ Войтюк, Александр. "Отчего телескопы не летают как птицы". N + 1 (in Russian). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "History of Airborne Astronomy at NASA - NASA". NASA. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ ISSN 1572-9672. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
Further reading
- Tucker, Tom (28 June 2013). The Eclipse Project (PDF). NASA History Division. ISBN 978-1-289-14520-0. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- SWUIS Airborne Missions
- SP-4302 Adventures in Research: A History of Ames Research Center 1940-1965
- Gehrz, R.D.; et al. (September 2011). "Status of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)" (PDF). Advances in Space Research. 48 (6): 1004–1016. .
- NASA - Top Ten Discoveries from SOFIA