Alexine Tinne

Alexine Tinne
Born	(1835-10-17)17 October 1835 The Hague, Netherlands
Died	1 August 1869(1869-08-01) (aged 33) Ottoman Tripolitania
Occupation	Explorer

Alexandrine "Alexine" Pieternella Françoise Tinne (17 October 1835 – 1 August 1869) was a Dutch explorer in Africa who was the first European woman to attempt to cross the Sahara. She was an early photographer.

Early life

Alexine Tinne was the daughter of Philip Frederik Tinne and his second wife, Baroness Henriette van Capellen. Philip Tinne was a Dutch merchant, who was heavily involved in the transatlantic spice trade. He worked at coffee plantations in Demerara (a Dutch and then British colony in modern Guyana). In 1813, Philip Tinne became a full partner in the Liverpool firm Sandbach, Tinne & Company, a firm which from 1782 until the 1920s, owned ships and plantations, engaging in both slavery and the transport of slaves and sugar. Philip Tinne settled in England during the Napoleonic Wars and later returned to his native land, marrying Henriette, daughter of a Dutch Vice-Admiral, Theodorus Frederik van Capellen, and Petronella de Lange, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Sofia. Alexine was born when Philip was sixty-three.

Tinne was tutored at home and showed proficiency at painting, piano, languages, photography and geography. Her father died when she was ten years old. The immense wealth of her father, much of which was amassed due to his activities in the spice and sugar trade (when slavery was abolished in 1833, his company was awarded £150,452, the second-largest payment made to any mercantile concern^[1][2][3]), resulted in the young girl becoming the richest female in the Netherlands.^[4]

Tinne started experimenting with photography in her home town of The Hague and its harbour Scheveningen. She worked with several commercial photographers: Robert Jefferson Bingham (who visited The Hague), Francis Frith (whom she met in Egypt) and the J. Geiser photostudio in Algiers.

Africa

Accompanied by her mother Harriette and her aunt, Tinne left Europe in the summer of 1861 for the

Tinne successfully photographed during her 1862–1864 trip up the Nile and in the Bahr-el-Ghazal region, making her the author of the first known views of Gondokoro (1862), as well as of inhabitants of the areas explored.[6] The extreme rarity of these photographs led them to be used as models for engravings illustrating several articles and books on these regions in the 1860s and 1870s.^[6]

Her botanical collections were described in a book entitled Plantae Tinneanae. It included the description of the new genus Blastania. Crinum tinneanum Kotschy & Peyr. [Amaryllidaceae; present name Ammocharis tinneana (Kotschy & Peyr.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick]^[7] was named in her honour.^[8]

At Cairo, Tinne lived in Oriental style during the next four years, visiting Algeria, Tunisia, and other parts of the Mediterranean. An attempt to reach the Touaregs in 1868 from Algiers failed.

Some photographs by Alexine Tinne

• 
  The Hague (1860-61)
• 
  Dahabeah on the Nile at Thebes (1862)
• 
  Algiers (1866)

Sahara and death

In January 1869, Tinne again made an attempt to reach the Touaregs. She started from

There are several theories as to the motive, none of them proven. One is that her guides believed that her iron water tanks were filled with gold. It is also possible that her death came as a result of an internal political conflict between local Tuareg chiefs. Another explorer, Erwin von Bary, who visited the same area in the 1870s, met participants of the assault and learned that it had been a blow against the "great old man" of the Northern Tuaregs, Ikhenukhen, who was to be removed from his powerful position, and the means was to be the killing of the Christians — just to prove that Ikhenukhen was too weak to protect travelers. Given the internal strife among the Northern Tuareg that lasted until the Ottoman occupation of the Fezzan Province (Southern Libya), this version is the most probable explanation of the otherwise unmotivated massacre.

Legacy

It was believed that Tinne's collections of ethnographic specimens in Liverpool were destroyed in 1941 during a bombing raid. The church built in her memory in The Hague was similarly destroyed. Recent research revealed however that around 75% (over 100 objects) of her ethnographic collection survived the air raid.^[9] Besides their value as a document of her two Sudan journeys, her collection, together with the contemporary one of Heuglin at Stuttgart (the Linden Museum), represent rare specimens of an early date belonging to material cultures in Sudan.

A small marker near Juba in Sudan commemorating the Nile explorers of the 19th century bears Tinne's name, as well as a window plaque in Tangiers. Many of her remaining papers, including most of her letters from Africa, are stored at the National Archive in The Hague. Her photographs are at the National Archive and the Municipal Archive of The Hague.

In 2024 Leiden University Library acquired eighteen photos made by Tinne in 1862 in Nubia and Sudan, including in the village of Gondokoro. These are among the earliest images taken in the heart of the African continent.^[10]

References

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexine Tinne.

• 'The Fateful Journey'. The Expedition of Alexine Tinne and Theodor von Heuglin in Sudan (1863–1864). A Study of their travel accounts and ethnographic collections, Robert Joost Willink (Amsterdam, 2011)
  ISBN 978-90-8964-352-0
• Geographical Notes of an Expedition in Central Africa by three Dutch Ladies, John A. Tinne (Liverpool, 1864)
• Travels of Alexine, Penelope Gladstone (London, 1970)
• Tochter des Sultans, Die Reisen der Alexandrine Tinne (in German), Wilfried Westphal (Stuttgart, 2002)
• The Nile Quest, ch. xvi,
  Sir HH Johnston
  (London, 1903).
• Die Tuareg. Herren der Sahara. Ausstellung der Heinrich-Barth-Gesellschaft (in German only), Cornelius Trebbin & Peter Kremer (Düsseldorf 1986)
• Alexandrine Tinne (1835–1869) – Afrikareisende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zur Geschichte des Reisens, Antje Köhlerschmidt (Magdeburg 1994; PhD thesis) – Hitherto the only serious and scholarly account of Alexine's travels and achievements in the context of 19th-century African exploration.
• Women explorers in Africa:
  Alexandrine Tinne
  , Margo McLoone (Capstone Press, 1997)
• Alexine Tinne, fotograaf. Haar wereldbeeld/Alexine Tinne, photographer. Her Worldview (bilingual Dutch/English), Maartje van den Heuvel (ed.) (Zwolle, 2021)
  ISBN 9789462584716
• Kakou, Serge (2023). "Alexine Tinne (1835-1869) : une photographe au cœur de l'Afrique". In Christine Barthe; Annabelle Lacour (eds.). Mondes photographiques, histoires des débuts (in French). Paris: Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac / Actes Sud. pp. 142–147.
  ISBN 978-2330178130
  .

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tinne, Alexandrine Petronella Francina". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.