Andrew Báthory

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Andrew Báthory
Roman Catholic

Andrew Báthory (

canon in the Chapter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warmia in 1581, and provost of the Monastery of Miechów
in 1583.

Pope Gregory XIII appointed Báthory cardinal during his visit to Rome in 1584. A year later, he was installed as coadjutor bishop of Warmia. He was in Rome again when Stephen Báthory died in 1586. Andrew was one of the candidates to succeed him in Poland and Lithuania, but Jan Zamoyski, the Chancellor of Poland, convinced him to support another candidate, Sigismund Vasa, and to demonstrate the Báthorys' claim to the crown only through nominating his minor cousin, Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania. After Sigismund Vasa was elected king in 1587, Báthory convinced his cousin's advisors to send reinforcements to Poland to fight against Maximilian of Habsburg, who also claimed the throne. Báthory became Prince-Bishop of Warmia after the death of Bishop Marcin Kromer in 1589.

In the early 1590s, Andrew and his brother,

Rudolph II
, in 1598, but he returned a few months later.

Sigismund and Andrew were reconciled, and Sigismund renounced Transylvania in favor of Andrew in March 1599. Andrew was supported by Poland and the Ottoman Empire. Rudolph II persuaded

Battle of Sellenberk with the assistance of Székely
commoners, to whom he had promised to restore their freedom. Andrew wanted to flee to Poland, but Székely serfs captured and killed him.

Early life

Andrew was the youngest of the four sons of András Báthory and

posthumous son.[3]

Andrew's mother married János Iffjú before the end 1563.[3] Andrew and his youngest brother, Balthasar, and their sisters, Anne and Catherine, lived for years at their stepfather's estate, Érmihályfalva (now Valea lui Mihai in Romania).[6] Both his mother and her second husband were Lutherans, but Andrew remained Roman Catholic, like his father and uncles, Christopher and Stephen Báthory.[7] Christopher was Andrew's legal guardian, but his actual role in his education is uncertain.[8]

After John Sigismund died in 1571, the

Royal Hungary, but Polish, Lithuanian, German and Italian noblemen and commoners were also chosen to study together with him.[12] He could speak Latin, Italian, Polish and German by the end of his studies.[13]

Church career

Beginnings

King of Poland, Stephen Báthory

Andrew was the favorite nephew of Stephen Báthory who officially adopted him.

clerical celibacy, because it prevented him from fathering legitimate children.[18] He also hoped that his uncle would promote his secular career.[18] His Jesuit tutors finally persuaded him to accept his uncle's decision.[19]

Andrew was made

abdicate in favor of Andrew.[20] However, the canons, along with the Estates of Royal Prussia, prevented Andrew's promotion to coadjutor bishop saying that he was too young.[21] At the nuncio's initiative, Andrew was elected provost of the Monastery of Miechów in spring 1583.[2][22]

Cardinal

Stephen Báthory sent Andrew to Rome to start negotiations about an alliance against the Ottoman Empire, and to secure Andrew's creation as

archbishop of Milan, who was a highly respected prelate and regarded as a living saint for his piety in his diocese.[24] After their meeting, Borromeo wrote a spiritual instruction to him.[24] In Milan, Andrew also met Giovanni Botero who described him as an actual representative of anti-Machiavellianism.[24] A Protestant retainer of Andrew, Ferenc Forgách, converted to Catholicism in the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto on 21 November.[25]

Andrew (whom the ambassador of Venice mentioned as the "Polish prince") entered Rome on the

cardinal-deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro on 23 July 1584.[28] On this occasion, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dedicated a motet to the Báthorys.[29] Three days later Andrew left Rome.[30]

Coadjutor bishop

Andrew returned to Poland on 20 October 1584 and settled in Miechów.[31] He rebuilt the altar in the monastery and introduced new ceremonies (including a 40-hour prayer for the king and the kingdom).[32] He was installed as coadjutor bishop at the see of the Bishopric of Warmia, Lidzbark Warmiński, in early July 1585.[33] He visited the nearby major towns, including Gdańsk and Malbork.[33]

Meanwhile, Stephen Báthory had decided to secure the Bishopric of Kraków for his nephew, but the Holy See did not appoint Andrew coadjutor bishop of the Kraków See, because he was still too young.[34] The king wanted to invade Russia and sent Andrew to Rome to convince Pope Sixtus V to support his plan.[35] Andrew left Poland on 22 March 1586.[36] Samuel Zborowski's brothers (he had been executed on Stephen Báthory's orders), wanted to capture and murder Andrew, but their plan failed because of a flood.[37] Andrew came to Rome on 24 July.[37] He informed the pope about Stephen Báthory's plan, asking financial support from the Holy See against Russia.[38]

Administrative division of Poland and Lithuania
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1582

Stephen Báthory died on 13 December 1586.[39] Andrew left Rome and hurried back to Poland.[40] He inherited the domains of Gyalu, Nagyenyed and Örményes in Transylvania (now Gilău, Aiud and Armeniș in Romania) from his uncle.[41] Stephen Báthory stipulated that Gyalu should serve the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic bishopric in Transylvania.[42]

Andrew, his brother Balthasar, and their cousin Sigismund Báthory, prince of Transylvania, were among the sixteen candidates to the throne of Poland and Lithuania.[43] Before long, Bartosz Paprocki published a pamphlet against "the kings from Hungary", accusing Stephen Báthory of suppressing the Polish nobles.[44] Jan Zamoyski initially stood by Andrew, who was also supported by the pope and the sultan.[45] Andrew's opponents pillaged the monastery of Miechów.[43] A group of noblemen warned Andrew to leave Poland in February 1587.[44]

After realising that the Báthorys had little chance to seize the throne, Zamoyski decided to support another candidate, Sigismund Vasa.[46] On Zamoyski's advice, the fourteen-year-old Sigismund Báthory was officially presented as the sole candidate from the family (which demonstrated the existence of the Báthorys' claim to the throne), but Andrew cooperated with Zamoyski on behalf of Sigismund Vasa.[47] Sigismund Vasa was elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania on 19 August 1587.[48] However, his opponents proclaimed Maximilian of Habsburg the ruler of the Commonwealth.[48] Maximilian laid siege to Kraków and pillaged Miechów.[49] Andrew persuaded Sigismund Báthory's advisors to send Transylvanian reinforcements to fight the invaders.[48] Andrew was chosen to receive Sigismund Vasa in Kraków.[50] He also attended the new king's coronation on 27 December 1587.[51] The Sejm (or general assembly) granted citizenship to both Andrew and Balthasar Báthory.[52]

István Jósika, István Bodoni, and other fellow-students of Andrew became important advisors of the young Sigismund Báthory in Transylvania.[53] After the Diet of Transylvania expelled the Jesuits in December 1588,[54] Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Sigismund.[55] Andrew went to Transylvania and sent letters to Rome to achieve a reconciliation, emphasizing that the Jesuits' aggressive proselytizing policy had contributed to their unpopularity in the predominantly Protestant principality.[55]

Bishop of Warmia

After Marcin Kromer died in early March 1589, Andrew became the

ordained priest.[61] Most Polish noblemen regarded the Lithuanian Radziwiłł's appointment to a Polish see unlawful, but Pope Gregory XIV confirmed the king's decision.[62]

A gilded altar with six marvel columns and several sculptures in the background
Altar in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Miechów

Sigismund III's confessor and court priest, who were Jesuits, supported Radziwiłł against Andrew.

Csíksomlyó (now Șumuleu Ciuc in Romania).[42] He settled Catholic priests in four villages on his estates.[42] The Holy See authorized him to set up deaneries in Transylvania, making him the actual head of the Catholic Church in the principality.[65]

In August 1591, Maximilian of Habsburg, who still claimed Poland and Lithuania, sent his envoy to Andrew seeking Transylvanian support against Sigismund III.[66] Andrew emphasized that being under Ottoman suzerainty, Transylvania could not openly support Maximilian, but he also promised that Sigismund Báthory would not prevent the mustering of Transylvanian soldiers to fight in Poland.[66] In the same month, Sigismund Báthory's plan to enable the Jesuits to return to Transylvania gave rise to a serious family conflict, because both Andrew and Balthasar refused to support the prince at the Diet.[67] According to contemporaneous gossips, Andrew and his two brothers decided to dethrone Sigismund, replacing him with Balthasar.[68] Pope Clement VIII sent a papal nuncio, Attilio Amalteo, to Transylvania to mediate a reconciliation.[69][70]

The Holy See also tried to reach a compromise on the Kraków bishopric, but Jan Zamoyski, who was in conflict with the king, persuaded Andrew to give up his claim in favor of Radziwiłł.

gulden from the royal tax of Warmia, saying that the king owed him 40,000 gulden.[71] He started negotiations with John George, Elector of Brandenburg, who promised him the hand of one of his daughters if he accepted the protection of Brandenburg over Warmia.[72] Zamoyski, who had been with Sigismund III, also persuaded Andrew to make peace with the king in May 1593.[73] Andrew renounced the see of Kraków in exchange for the Abbey of Czerwińsk nad Wisłą.[74]

The pope's new envoy, Alessandro Cumuleo, came to Transylvania to urge Sigismund Báthory to join the

Rudolph II.[77] Carillo prevented Andrew from taking part in the negotiations in Prague.[78] Before long, Andrew left Transylvania for Poland.[78]

A young man with a moustache
Andrew's cousin, Sigismund Báthory

Sigismund Báthory's maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai, and other commanders of the Transylvanian army, persuaded the prince to get rid of those who did not support the Holy League.[79][80] Balthasar Báthory and his allies were captured and murdered in late August 1594.[79][80] Sigismund also confiscated Andrew's Transylvanian estates.[81] The Diet confirmed the prince's acts, convicting Andrew and his brother, Stephen, of treason.[82]

Andrew sent letters to the Holy See, describing his cousin as an immoral tyrant.[83] He wanted to replace Sigismund with Stephen with the assistance of the pope, England and Poland, but they received no support.[84] Pope Clement VIII invited him to Rome, but he refused.[85] At the pope's request, Sigismund Báthory allowed Andrew's mother and Stephen's wife, along with their children, to move to Poland.[86] Zamoyski, who strongly opposed Sigismund Báthory's anti-Ottoman policy, supported Andrew and Stephen.[87]

Andrew exchanged letters with

Voivode of Moldavia, who had been captured by Sigismund Báthory because of his attempts to make peace with Poland and the Ottoman Empire.[87] The pope's special envoy, Martio Malacrida, tried to convince Andrew to accept the post of the ambassador of Poland in Rome, but Andrew again refused.[88] He said, his homeland would require his presence, because Sigismund's anti-Ottoman policy could not be continued for long.[88] Letters found on one of Stephen Báthory's retainers suggested that Andrew and his brother sent letters to the leaders of the Székely commoners who had risen up against Sigismund Báthory in February 1596.[89] Sigismund III of Poland summoned Andrew and Stephen before the Senate, but Pope Clement VIII intervened on the brothers' behalf.[90]

After the Ottomans defeated the armies of the Holy League in a series of battles in 1596, Transylvanian noblemen sent letters to Andrew, offering him the principality.[91][92] After realizing that neither the pope nor the Polish king would support him against Sigismund Báthory, Andrew declared that he was ready to make peace with him.[93] He returned to Warmia where he was ordained subdeacon on 4 January 1597.[93] Andrew and Stephen even announced that they would not intervene in Transylvania.[94] Their envoys also started discussions with Sigismund Báthory about the compensation for their expropriated Transylvanian estates.[95]

Sigismund Báthory opened negotiations over the transfer of Transylvania to the Habsburgs, which worried both Poland and the Ottoman Empire.

Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) in the middle of February 1599.[100] Most contemporaries (including Szamosközy) believed that Andrew came to Transylvania to make peace with his cousin.[100]

Prince of Transylvania

Sigismund Báthory abdicated at the Diet in

Medgyes (Mediaș, Romania) on 21 March and proposed Andrew his successor.[91][101] After Andrew pledged that neither he nor his brother would take vengeance on those who had voted against them in 1594, the Diet elected him prince on 28 March.[102][103] However, as Alfonso Carillo noted, the most influential noblemen remained opposed to Andrew, even if they did not dare to raise an objection openly.[102]

A head of a bearded man with a wound on his forehead
Andrew's head

The new prince's principal supporters were the noblemen who had been forced into exile in 1594, but they were impoverished young men, without influence.[102] Instead of them, Andrew had to choose his officials from among the Roman Catholic lords: he made István Bodoni ispán (or head) of Kolozs County and Gáspár Sibrik the commander of the cavalry.[104] Andrew was even unable to get rid of his opponents.[104] For instance, Gáspár Kornis remained a member of the royal council, although he had played a preeminent role in the execution of Andrew's brother in 1594.[104]

Andrew wanted to secure his suzerainty over the rulers of

Voivode of Wallachia, with his brother, Stephen, but Michael swore fealty to him on 26 June.[103][105] Andrew's envoys signed an agreement with Ieremia Movilă, Voivode of Moldavia, about the marriage of the voivode's daughter and Andrew's half-brother, János Iffjú, on 3 July.[105] Andrew also started negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, demanding the confirmation of his hereditary rule and his suzerainty over Wallachia, and refusing the payment of the tribute for six years.[106]

After the marriage of Sigismund Báthory and

Battle of Sellenberk after Andrew—who had never participated in a battle—fled from the battlefield in a panic.[114][115] The Diet of Transylvania recognized Michael as Rudolph II's representative.[116]

Andrew wanted to flee to Poland, but Székely serfs captured him on a mountain near

Csíkszentdomokos (now Sândominic in Romania) on 3 November.[116][117] He was struck to death with a shepherd's axe.[117] His head was cut off and taken to Michael the Brave, who sent it to the pope's envoy, Germanico Malaspina.[118] A Greek artist painted the head before it was sewn back on to the body at Michael's order.[118] Andrew was ceremoniously buried in St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehérvár on 24 November.[118]

Ancestors

References

  1. ^ Horn 2002, pp. 16, 245.
  2. ^ a b c Szabó 2012, p. 188.
  3. ^ a b c d Horn 2002, p. 16.
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  6. ^ Horn 2002, p. 18.
  7. ^ Horn 2002, pp. 18–19.
  8. ^ Horn 2002, pp. 17–18.
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  29. ^ Granasztói 1981, p. 408.
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  121. ^ Hangay 2016, p. Appendix 5.

Sources

Andrew Báthory
House of Báthory
Born: 1562/63 Died: 3 November 1599
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Prince-Bishop of Warmia
1589–1599 		Succeeded by
Regnal titles
Preceded by Prince of Transylvania
1599 		Vacant
Title next held by
Sigismund Báthory
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