Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
Bishop of Arras (1538-1561) | |
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Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (20 August 1517 – 21 September 1586), Comte de La Baume Saint Amour, was a Burgundian statesman, made a
Biography
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He was born in the Free Imperial City of Besançon, now in France, then a self-governing city surrounded by the Imperial territory of the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).
His father,
Antoine held a canonry at
In his episcopal capacity he attended several diets of the empire, as well as the opening meetings of the Council of Trent, which he addressed on behalf of Charles V. The influence of his father, now chancellor, led to Granvelle being entrusted with many difficult and delicate pieces of public business.[citation needed]
In the execution of these tasks he developed a talent for diplomacy, while at the same time acquiring an intimate acquaintance with most of the currents of European politics. He was involved in the settlement of the terms of peace after the defeat of the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547, a settlement in which, to say the least, some particularly sharp practice was exhibited.[citation needed]
In 1550, he succeeded his father in the office of secretary of state; in this capacity he attended Charles in the war with
In the following year he and Simon Renard, the ambassador of Charles V to the Queen Mary I of England, conducted the negotiations for the marriage of Mary and Philip II of Spain. It was to Philip in 1555, on the abdication of the emperor, that Granvelle transferred his services, and by whom he was employed in the Netherlands.
In April 1559, Granvelle was one of the Spanish signatories for the
The policy of repression which in this capacity he pursued during the next five years secured for him many tangible rewards: in 1560 he was elevated to the archepiscopal see of Mechelen, and in 1561 he became a cardinal; but the growing hostility of a people whose religious convictions he had set himself to oppose ultimately made it impossible for him to continue in the Netherlands. On the advice of his royal master he retired to Franche-Comté in March 1564.[3]
After a visit to Rome in 1565; in November 1566 he was appointed as member of the Congregation of "Principi", the centre of the
In 1570, Granvelle, at the request of Philip, helped to arrange the alliance between the Papacy, Venice and Spain against the Turks, an alliance which was responsible for the victory of
Among the more delicate negotiations of his later years were those of 1580, which had for their object the ultimate union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal, and those of 1584, which resulted in a check to France by the marriage of the Spanish infanta Catherine to
In the same year he was made
Collector of art
Granvelle had a famous art collection, which partly featured the favourite artists of his Habsburg patrons, such as Titian and Leone Leoni, but also included a number of works by Pieter Bruegel, as well as a significant collection inherited from his father.
Bruegel's friend, sculptor Jacques Jonghelinck (brother of Bruegel's biggest patron) had a studio in Granvelle's palace in Brussels. Whilst in the Netherlands, he "discovered" Antonis Mor and introduced him to the Madrid court, and he also patronised Giambologna and arranged his first visit to Italy.
At his death the collection was inherited by his nephew, who was pressured by
The arrangements were handled by
Though he was painted by Titian
Flemish
References
- ^ a b c Trevor-Roper, Hugh; Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517–1633, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976, p. 112
- ^ Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ a b c d public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Granvella, Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Motley, John (1883) [Original release 1855]. The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History Vol. 1. New York, New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. 202, 208–210.
- ^ Enciclopedia dei Papi. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana - Treccani. 2000.
- ^ The portrait is at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City.
- ^ Louvre On-line Catalog
- JSTOR 3128706.
- ^ Exposition des livres du cardinal de Granvelle à la Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon, Besançon, 1986: liste dactylographiée des ouvrages exposés. Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine