Margaret of Parma

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For Margherita, Duchess of Parma (1612–79), see Margherita de' Medici.
For the 19th-century princess, titular Queen consort, see Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma.
Margaret
Duchess consort of Florence
Tenure18 January 1536 – 6 January 1537
Duchess consort of Parma and Piacenza
Tenure10 September 1547 – 18 January 1586
Born5 July 1522
Oudenaarde, County of Flanders, Holy Roman Empire
Died18 January 1586(1586-01-18) (aged 63)
Ortona, Kingdom of Naples
Burial
San Sisto, Piacenza
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1536; died 1537)​
​
​
(m. 1538)​
Johanna Maria van der Gheynst
SignatureMargaret's signature

Margaret (

Duchess of Florence from 1536 to 1537 by her first marriage to Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
.

Biography

Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma

Margaret's mother,

Mary of Austria, who were successive governors of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555, respectively.[4]

Her early life followed a strict routine set forth by her father, Charles V, who used his daughter as part of his plans to secure his empire.[5]

In 1527, the year she turned five, she became engaged to the nephew of

Italian culture.[8]
Though she was multi-lingual, she preferred the Italian language for the rest of her life.

On 13 June 1536 in Florence, she married Alessandro, who was assassinated on 6 January 1537.

Parma. In 1555, the Farnese family were acknowledged as rulers of Parma by Spain
in exchange for the custody of her son.

In 1555, she left Italy for the

Valenciennes) in Hainaut and William of Orange in Holland. The next year, Philip sent her military help led by the Duke of Alba. Margaret warned Philip that actions by Alba would lead to catastrophe, but instead of trying to stop Alba, she resigned when she learned that Alba's power of attorney, granted by Philip, superseded her own.[11]

In 1567, Margaret retired to L'Aquila in Italy. She was appointed Governor of Abruzzo and Viceroy of Naples,[6]where she had inherited a domain from her late husband. She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria. In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each other. However, they were unable to work together, and Margaret retired to Namur in 1582. She was given permission by Philip to return to Italy in 1583. She died in Ortona in 1586 and was buried in the church of S. Sisto in Piacenza.

Charlie R. Steen describes her as "a woman dedicated to compromise and conciliation in public affairs."[6]

She personally asked to

Seven archangels while Antonio del Duca did the same under the protection of the Colonna family.[12]

Issue

Margaret and her second husband Ottavio had:

  • Charles Farnese (Italian: Carlo Farnese, Spanish: Carlos Farnese, German: Karl Farnese; 27 August 1545 – September 1545), heir to the
    Duchy of Parma
    .
  • Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue.[14]

Coat of arms

Margaret of Austria, as Duchess of Florence and Parma, chose for her device a pearl shining from its shell, with the motto, Decus allatura coronae ("About to bring glory to the crown").[15]

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Margaret of Austria (1522-1586)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704.
  2. ^ Steen, Charlie R. (2013). Margaret of Parma: A Life. Brill. p. 35.
  3. ^
    doi:10.1093/em/cah039
    .
  4. ^ Motley, John (1883). The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History, Vol. 1. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 227.
  5. ^ Steen, Charles (2013). Margaret of Parma: A Life. Brill. pp. 10–12.
  6. ^
    ISBN 9789004257443
  7. ^ Steen, Charles (2013). Margaret of Parma: A Life. Brill. p. 23.
  8. ^ Steen, Charles (2013). Margaret of Parma: A Life. Brill. p. 20.
  9. ^ Jervis, Alice (1927). A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516 by Luca Landucci Continued by an Anonymous Writer till 1542 with Notes by Iodoco del Badia. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. pp. 294–297.
  10. ^ Davies, C.M. (1851). The history of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth; including an account of the municipal institutions, commercial pursuits, and social habits of the people; the rise and progress of the Protestant reformation, in Holland; the intestine dissensions, foreign wars, &c. G. Willis. pp. 511–520. Retrieved June 3, 2018 – via Internet Archive. siege of Valenciennes 1567
  11. ^ Motley, John (1855). The Rise of the Dutch Republic, A History Vol. 2. Philadelphia: David Mckay. pp. 119–124.
  12. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (May 10, 2021). Worship of Planetary Spirits is idolatrous Astrolatry: Divine Astrology is for Initiates; superstitious Astrolatry for the masses
    . Philaletheians UK. p. 12.
  13. ^ Kaiser, David E. (2000). Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler. Harvard University Press. p. 29.
  14. ^ Steen, Charles R. (2013). Margaret of Parma: A Life. Brill. p. 117.
  15. ^ Vinycomb, J. (1883). The Daisy as an Impress or Device. The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, 6(56), fourth series, p. 208.

References

Margaret of Parma
Born: 5 July 1522 Died: 18 January 1586
Political offices
Preceded by
Governor of the Netherlands

1559–1567 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Governor of the Netherlands
1578–1582
Served alongside: Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
 Succeeded by
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