Apodization
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (May 2010) |
In
Apodization in electronics
Apodization in signal processing
The term apodization is used frequently in publications on
Apodization in digital audio
An apodizing filter can be used in
Apodization in mass spectrometry
During oscillation within an Orbitrap, ion transient signal may not be stable until the ions settle into their oscillations. Toward the end, subtle ion collisions have added up to cause noticeable dephasing. This presents a problem for the Fourier transformation, as it averages the oscillatory signal across the length of the time-domain measurement. The software allows “apodization”, the removal of the front and back section of the transient signal from consideration in the FT calculation. Thus, apodization improves the resolution of the resulting mass spectrum. Another way to improve the quality of the transient is to wait to collect data until ions have settled into stable oscillatory motion within the trap.[2]
Apodization in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Apodization is applied to NMR signals before discrete Fourier Transformation. Typically, NMR signals are truncated due to time constraints (indirect dimension) or to obtain a higher signal-to-noise ratio. In order to reduce truncation artifacts, the signals are subjected to apodization with different types of window functions. [3]
Apodization in optics
In optical design jargon, an apodization function is used to purposely change the input intensity profile of an
Apodization in imaging
Since side lobes of the Airy disk are responsible for degrading the image, techniques for suppressing them are utilized. If the imaging beam has Gaussian distribution, when the truncation ratio (the ratio of the diameter of the Gaussian beam to the diameter of the truncating aperture) is set to 1, the side-lobes become negligible and the beam profile becomes purely Gaussian. [4] [page needed]
In
Apodization in photography
Most camera lenses contain diaphragms which decrease the amount of light coming into the camera. These are not strictly an example of apodization, since the diaphragm does not produce a smooth transition to zero intensity, nor does it provide shaping of the intensity profile (beyond the obvious all-or-nothing, "top hat" transmission of its aperture).
Some lenses use other methods to reduce the amount of light let in. For example, the Minolta/Sony STF 135mm f/2.8 T4.5 lens however, has a special design introduced in 1999, which accomplishes this by utilizing a concave neutral-gray tinted lens element as an apodization filter, thereby producing a pleasant
Simulation of a Gaussian laser beam input profile is also an example of apodization.[citation needed]
Photon sieves provide a relatively easy way to achieve tailored optical apodization.[8]
Apodization in astronomy
Apodization is used in telescope optics in order to improve the dynamic range of the image. For example, stars with low intensity in the close vicinity of very bright stars can be made visible using this technique, and even images of planets can be obtained when otherwise obscured by the bright atmosphere of the star they orbit.
See also
- Apodization function
References
- ^ Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016). "MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality". soundonsound.com. Sound On Sound. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023.
- PMID 27553853.
- ^ NMR data processing: Phase correction, Scaling of first point, 9 July 2021, retrieved 2022-01-17
- )
- .
- ^ ""Bokeh-Gigant": Fujinon XF 1,2/56 mm R APD (aktualisiert)". 2001-11-30.
- ^ "Neu von Sony: E-Mount-Objektive 100 mm F2.8 STF GM, FE 85 mm F1.8; Blitz HVL-F45RM". Photoscala (in German). 2017-02-07. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Hewett, Jacqueline (2007-06-01). "Photon sieves benefit space telescopes". Optics.org. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. Section 11.3.3.
- ^ FIRST RESULTS FROM VERY LARGE TELESCOPE NACO APODIZING PHASE PLATE: 4 μm IMAGES OF THE EXOPLANET β PICTORIS b* The Astrophysical Journal (Letter)
- ^ Planet hunters no longer blinded by the light. spacefellowship.com Note: this article includes several images of such a phase plate