Arp2/3 complex
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Arp2/3 complex (Actin Related Protein 2/3 complex) is a seven-subunit
The Arp2/3 complex was named after it was identified in 1994 by affinity chromatography from
Mechanisms of actin polymerization by Arp2/3
Many actin-related molecules create a free barbed end for
The Arp2/3 complex simultaneously controls nucleation of actin polymerization and branching of filaments. Moreover, autocatalysis is observed during Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. In this process, the newly formed filaments activate other Arp2/3 complexes, facilitating the formation of branched filaments.
The mechanism of actin filament initiation by Arp2/3 has been disputed. The question is where the complex binds the filament and nucleates a "daughter" filament. Historically two models have been proposed. Recent results favour the side branching model, in which the Arp2/3 complex binds to the side of a pre-existing ("mother") filament at a point different from the nucleation site. Although the field lacks a high-resolution crystal structure, data from electron microscopy,[7][8][9] together with biochemical data on the filament nucleation and capping mechanisms of the Arp2/3 complex,[10] favour side branching. In the alternative barbed end branching model, Arp2/3 only associates at the barbed end of growing filaments, allowing for the elongation of the original filament and the formation of a branched filament.,[11] a model based on kinetic analysis and optical microscopy.
Recent computer docking, independently confirmed by EM data, favors a side-branching model. ARPC2 and ARPC4 together form an area that attach the base of the branch to the side of a mother filament.[12] Large conformational changes occur on nucleotide and WASP binding.[9][13]
Cellular uses of Arp2/3
The Arp2/3 complex appears to be important in a variety of specialized cell functions that involve the actin cytoskeleton. The complex is found in cellular regions characterized by dynamic actin filament activity: in macropinocytic cups, in the leading edge of motile cells (
Subunits
The Arp2/3 complex is composed of seven subunits: Arp2/ACTR2, Arp3/ACTR3, p41/ARPC1A&B/Arc40/Sop2/p40, p34/ARPC2/ARC35/p35, p21/ARPC3/ARC18/p19, p20/ARPC4/ARC19/p18, p16/ARPC5/ARC15/p14.[25][26] The subunits Arp2 and Arp3 closely resemble monomeric actin allowing for a thermodynamically stable actin-like dimer. p41 has been proposed to interact with nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) because it is only known to have minor contacts with the mother filament and there is a major loss of nucleation efficiency in the absence of p41. p34 and p20 dimerize to form a structural backbone that mediates the interaction with the mother filament. p21 forms a bridge between Arp3 and the mother filament, increasing nucleation efficiency. p16 tethers Arp2 to the rest of the complex.[27]
References
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External links
- MBInfo - Arp2/3 Mediated Nucleation
- Arp2-3+Complex at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Arp2/3 filament nucleation model, illustrated with 2D animations and 3D structure-based movies