Auricular style

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Standing cup by Johannes Lutma, 1639

The auricular style or lobate style (Dutch: Kwabstijl, German: Ohrmuschelstil) is a style of ornamental decoration, mainly found in

conch shell".[2]
It is often associated with stylized marine animal forms, or ambiguous masks and shapes that might be such, which seem to emerge from the rippling, fluid background, as if the silver remained in its molten state.

In some other European languages, the style is covered by the local equivalent of the term

Northern Mannerist and Baroque ornament. In Dutch, a "dolphin and mollusk" style is mentioned.[3]

Metalwork

The Adam van Vianen Memorial ewer for his brother, 1614, which appears in several paintings.

Although precedents have been traced in the graphic designs of Italian

Paul and Adam van Vianen, and Paul's pupil Johannes Lutma, who settled in Amsterdam. Another Dutch silversmith who worked in the auricular style was Thomas Bogaert. At mid-century, designs for plate by M. Mosyn were published in Amsterdam.[5] Christian van Vianen, a son of Adam, worked in England at the courts of Charles I and Charles II, and took the style there.[6] A bratina or Russian toasting-cup in the Walters Art Museum was made in Russia in 1650–70 in an auricular style that was presumably copied from pieces brought in by Dutch traders, perhaps as gifts to ease trade deals.[7]

In metalwork, the style was in harmony with the malleable nature of the material, often giving the impression that the object is beginning to melt. It contrasted strongly with the preceding

Mannerist style of crowded figurative scenes, as for example in the Lomellini Ewer and Basin of 1620–21, although some works managed to combine the two styles, as in a silver-gilt ewer and basin of 1630, made in Delft and now in Utrecht,[8] with auricular elements replacing strapwork
.

Diana and Actaeon basin, Paul van Vianen, 1613

Key works

Most of the key works are in the Netherlands, especially the

ewer by Adam van Vianen (1614).[9]

The Adam van Vianen ewer is "a strikingly original work that is largely abstract and completely sculptural in its conception", and was commissioned by the Amsterdam goldsmiths' guild to commemorate the death of Paul, despite neither brother living in Amsterdam or being a member of the guild.[10] The piece became famous and appears in several Dutch Golden Age paintings, both still lifes and history paintings, "no doubt in part because its bizarre form allowed it to pass as an object from an ancient and foreign land", and so useful for Old Testament scenes and the like.[11] According to James Trilling, it "is one of the very few ornamental works that deserve recognition as art-historical turning points. Van Vianen's breakthrough was the introduction of inchoate or indeterminate form, which paved the way for both Rococo and modernist ornament."[12] It was raised by a lengthy process of chasing from a single sheet of silver, and chasing was the main technique used in auricular silver.[13]

The

Diana and Actaeon bowl of 1613 by Paul van Vianen (Rijksmuseum), shows scenes from the myth of Diana and Actaeon, with a border in the Auricular style.[14]

The "Dolphin Basin", which presumably once had a matching ewer, is an asymmetric form with watery motifs by Christian van Vianen (1635), now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[15]

In other media

Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen

The style was also effective in carved wood, and used for furniture[16] and especially picture frames.[17] Different varieties became popular in both English and Dutch frames. One English type are known as Sunderland frames after the frames Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland put on the pictures at Althorp, his new country house.[18]

Engraved portrait by Jacob Lutma after Johannes Lutma the Elder, of Hans von Aachen with Adriaen de Vries and Paul van Vianen. The frame shows the auricular style's affinities with Mannerist strapwork
Engraved portrait by Jacob Lutma after Johannes Lutma the Elder, of Hans von Aachen with Adriaen de Vries and Paul van Vianen. The frame shows the auricular style's affinities with Mannerist strapwork

Around the mid-century, Cardinal

Pitti Palace in Florence, reframed in the auricular style,[19] perhaps influenced by Stefano della Bella. These Medici frames were more three-dimensional than the other frame styles, with more areas both raised or entirely cut through.[20] The framing styles were long-lasting, surviving in use long enough to be reinvigorated by the Rococo
.

The style was effective for cartouches, whether in three-dimensional uses or for bookplates and the like. It later influenced Rococo and then Art Nouveau ornament.[21]

Notes

  1. ^ Schroder, "[the style] in its fully developed form is found only in metalwork."
  2. ^ Osborne, 61
  3. ISBN 9401036977, 9789401036979, google books
  4. ^ Schroder, "... its origins seem to lie in the graphic designs of such 16th-century Italian Mannerist artists as Giulio Romano (e.g. drawing for a fish-shaped ewer; Oxford, Christ Church) and Enea Vico. The latter’s designs for plate were published in the mid-16th century and may have been known in Utrecht."
  5. ^ A ewer is illustrated in John Fleming and Hugh Honour, Dictionary of the Decorative Arts, s.v. "Auricular style".
  6. ^ Osborne, 61
  7. ^ Walters page on the object
  8. ^ Liedtke (2001), no. 146 (1630); Schroder
  9. ^ Schroder lists a number; Rijksmuseum pages: Adam van Vianen 1614, Paulus van Vianen 1613, Lutma 1647
  10. ^ Schroder in Oxford Art Online, "Adam van Vianen"
  11. ^ Liedtke (2007), 186-188, giving examples including Joseph and his brothers (this is the Warsaw version) by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout. See the article on the ewer for several more.
  12. ISBN 0500203431
  13. ^ Schroder in Oxford Art Online, "Adam van Vianen"
  14. ^ Rijsmuseum
  15. ^ The Dolphin Basin by Christian van Vianen, Victoria and Albert Museum
  16. ^ Designs for chairs in auricular style were published by the furniture-maker Friedrich Untensch, Frankfort-am-Main, ca 1650 (noted in Fleming and Honour 1977).
  17. ^ Mosco; An example is noted in Harold Osborne, ed. The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, s.v. "Auricular Style" is a frame made by Lucas Killian of Augsburg for his portrait of Elias Holl, 1619.
  18. ^ Sacorafou, Suzanne, "A ‘Sunderland’ frame", "Auricular Style: Frames project" website.
  19. ^ Mosco; Davis Deborah, The Secret Lives of Frames: One Hundred Years of Art and Artistry, 54
  20. ISBN 0892369817, 9780892369812, google books
  21. ^ Osborne, 61

References

External links

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