Avdo Međedović

Avdo Međedović (c. 1875 – 1955) was a

Many years afterward The Wedding was published in 1974 by Lord with a parallel English translation.[2] Avdo Međedović died in 1955 in Yugoslavia. Albert Lord wrote after his death that "it may well be that he was the last of the truly great epic singers of the Balkan Slavic tradition".^[3]

Early life

Međedović was a Muslim of

During his second tour with the army, Međedović was wounded and spent 45 days in a hospital; while one bullet was removed, another remained in his arm. Two years after, he got a small farm in Obrov and married; according to a custom, he did not know the girl prior to the wedding. At that time he was 29 years old, and they had three sons.[5]

Avdo learned Turkish in the army, though he never learned to read or write in any language.^[6] It is unclear what his mother tongue was; while he spoke Serbo-Croatian, it was not his first language, though he also knew some Albanian.

Poetry

He was the most versatile and skillful performer of all those encountered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord during their research on the oral epic tradition of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro in the 1930s. Parry recorded epic songs sung by Međedović in July and August 1935. Lord writes that "Avdo had a repertory of fifty-eight epics; Parry recorded nine of these on phonograph discs and Nikola Vujnović, Parry’s assistant, wrote down four others from Avdo's dictation."^[8]

Conversations with Avdo were also recorded, "499 discs on both sides, or nearly one-seventh of the 3,584 twelve-inch records in the entire Parry Collection from the 1930s".^[9]

Albert Lord, who worked with Parry as a student in 1935, returned to Avdo in 1950-1951; he recorded three more songs. Lord notes that "Avdo could sing songs of about the length of Homer’s Odyssey. An illiterate butcher in a small town of the central Balkans was equaling Homer’s feat, at least in regard to length of song."^[10]

The origins of two of Avdo's songs are known. He learned "The Wedding of Meho" from his friend, who read the poem to him five or six times from a printed source. Despite of this, Avdo's oral version is very different from original published one, and much more descriptive:^[10]

It had been written down in 1885 by F. S. Krauss from an eighty-five-year old singer named Ahmed Isakov Šemić in Rotimlje, Hercegovina, and had been published in Dubrovnik in 1886. It was later reprinted, with minor changes in dialect, in cheap paper editions in Sarajevo, without notes and introduction. In this form it was read to Avdo. Krauss’s text has 2,160 lines; Avdo’s in 1935 had 12,323 lines and in 1950, 8,488 lines. ... The opening scene of "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" is an assembly of the lords of the Turkish Border in the city of Kanidža. In Krauss’s published version this assembly occupies 141 lines; Avdo’s text has 1,053 lines.

Avdo learned from many men, firstly from his father Ćor Huso Husein of Kolašin "whose reputation seems to have been prodigious". Lord mentions that though Avdo had a great endurance and mastery as a poet, "his voice was not especially good. He was hoarse, and the goiter on the left side of his neck could not have helped." in 1935 Lord asked Međedović to recall a song he heard only once, for this he asked another guslar, Mumin Vlahovljak of Plevlje, to sing his song "Bećiragić Meho", unknown to Međedović. After he heard the song of 2,294 lines, he sung it himself, but made it almost three times longer, 6,313 lines.^[11]

Recorded by Parry in 1935^[8]

• "The Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (2,436 lines)
• "Hrnjica Mujo Avenges the Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (6,290 lines)
• "The Wedding of Vlahinjić Alija" (Ženidba Vlahinjić Alije) (6,042 lines; "a dictated version of this song" is slightly different: 5,883 lines)
• "The Heroism of Đerđelez Alija" (Junaštvo Đerzelez Alije) (2,624 lines).
• "Osmanbey Delibegović and Pavičević Luka" (13,331 lines)
• "Sultan Selim Captures Kandija" (5,919 lines)
• "The Illness of Emperor Dušan in Prizren" (645 lines)
• "The Captivity of Kara Omeragha" (1,302 lines)
• "Bećiragić Meho" (6,313 lines)

Dictated in 1935^[9]

• "The Arrival of the Vizier in Travnik" (7,621 lines)
• "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (Ženidba Smailagić Meha) (12,311 lines)
• "Gavran Harambaša and Sirdar Mujo" (4,088 lines)
• "The Captivity of Tale of Orašac in Ozim" (3,738 lines, unfinished)

Recorded by Lord 1950-1951

• "Osmanbey Delilbegović and Pavičević Luka" (6,119 lines)
• "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (8,488 lines)
• "Bećiragić Meho" (3,561 lines)

References