Banu Ghaniya
The Banu Ghaniya were a
from about 1180 onwards.They were influential in the downfall of the Almohad Empire in Eastern Maghrib.[3] In Tunisia, Ali ibn Ishaq adhered to the Abbasid Caliphate and was formally appointed by Al-Mustadi with the title of "heir of the Almoravids".[7]
History
Origins
The Banu Ghaniya clan were relatives of the ruling Almoravid dynasty. Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the Almoravid emir (d. 1161), gave one of his daughters in marriage to Ali ibn Yusuf, the head of Ghaniya clan. He had two sons with her: Yahya and Muhammad.[8] These two became important governors and commanders during the 1120s, under the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf, the son of Yusuf ibn Tashfin who succeeded him as emir (r. 1106–1143).[9] Muhammad was appointed governor of the Balearic Islands in 1126.[9][8] His brother Yahya was governor of Murcia up to 1133 and then transferred to Valencia in 1134.[10]
For much of the 1130s, Tashfin ibn Ali and Yahya led the Almoravid forces to a number of victories over Christian forces and reconquered some towns, holding back the decline of Almoravid power in Al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula).[10] The most significant vicrtory was the Battle of Fraga in 1134, where the Almoravids, led by Yahya, defeated an Aragonese army besieging the small Muslim town of Fraga. Notably, Alfonso I El Batallor was wounded and died shortly after.[11]
The Ghaniya brothers were among the last commanders to hold out as Almoravid power collapsed in al-Andalus. In 1144 or 1145, Yahya was transferred from eastern al-Andalus to
Meanwhile, his brother Muhammad remained lord of the Balearics and many remaining members of the Almoravid faction joined him there. He became an independent ruler and founded a new dynasty.[8]
Rule in the Balearics
Following the
Ishaq was initially succeeded by his oldest son, Muhammad. Faced with hostility from both the Christians and Almohads, he sent a message to Marrakesh expressing his agreement to submit to the Almohad caliphs. An Almohad fleet under Ibn Reberter (a Christian mercenary) was sent to take control of the islands.[14] Before it arrived, Muhammad was deposed by the other Almoravid chiefs, who placed his brother 'Ali in power instead. Ali was opposed to Almohad rule[15] and was further pressured to resist them by the Almoravid refugees who lived on the islands.[8] Thus, when the Almohad fleet arrived, he repelled it and captured its commander. Instead of waiting to face an Almohad counter-attack and possible blockade of the islands, Ali decided to take the offensive and attack the Almohads directly in the eastern Maghreb.[5]
Invasion of North Africa
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Emirs
- Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Yusuf 1126–1156 (deposed)
- Ishaq ibn Muhammad (son) 1156–1183
- Muhammad ibn Ishaq (son) 1183–1184
- To Almohad 1184
- Ali ibn Ishaq (known as 1187–1188
- Majorca(in opposition to 'Ali) 1185–1187
- 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq (known as 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya), emir of Majorca 1187–1203
- Yahya ibn Ishaq (known as Yahya ibn Ghaniya) 1188–1202/1203 warlord in Tunis 1188–1212
References
- ^ Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis, 2005.
- ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 21.
- ^ a b Bosworth 2004, p. 21.
- ^ Baadj 2015, p. 62.
- ^ a b Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 99.
- ^ Ki-Zerbo & Tamsir Niane 1997, p. 20.
- ^ Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 100.
- ^ a b c d e f g Marçais 1965.
- ^ a b c Kennedy 1996, p. 186.
- ^ a b Kennedy 1996, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Kennedy 1996, p. 187.
- ^ Kennedy 1996, p. 203.
- ^ Kennedy 1996, p. 204.
- ^ a b c Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 98.
- ^ Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 98–99.
Bibliography
- Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33184-5.
- Baadj, Amar S. (2015). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banu Ghaniya. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29620-6.
- Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748646821.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317870418.
- Ki-Zerbo, Joseph; Tamsir Niane, Djibril (1997). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-85255-094-6.
- OCLC 495469475.
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