Bat-and-ball games

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Young men playing a bat-and-ball game in a 13th-century manuscript of the Galician Cantigas de Santa Maria.

Bat-and-ball games, or safe haven games,

field games played by two opposing teams. Action starts when the defending team throws a ball at a dedicated player of the attacking team, who tries to hit it with a bat and then run between various safe areas in the field to score runs (points). The defending team can use the ball in various ways against the attacking team's players to force them off the field ("get them out") when they are not in safe zones, and thus prevent them from further scoring.[2][3] The best known modern bat-and-ball games are cricket and baseball, with common roots in the 18th-century games played in England
.

The teams alternate between "batting" (offensive role), sometimes called "in at bat" or simply in, and "fielding" (defensive role), also called "out in the field" or out.

fairly delivered to the batter (i.e. not thrown within his reach), then penalties generally are awarded that help the batting team score.[7][8]

The batter generally has an obligation to hit certain balls that are delivered within his reach (i.e. balls aimed at a designated area, known as the

ground".[16][17]
While in contact with a base, the runner is "safe" from the fielding team and in a position to score runs. Leaving a safe haven places the runner in danger of being put out (eliminated). The teams switch roles when the fielding team 'puts out'/'gets out' enough of the batting team's players, which varies by game.

In modern baseball, the fielders put three players

limited-overs cricket) to 9 (as in baseball) or more.[21][22] Ties are generally broken (if at all) by allowing each team to have an additional turn to score.[23][24]

Some variations of bat-and-ball games do not feature bats, with batters instead using parts of their bodies to hit the ball; these variations may also give the batter possession of the ball at the start of each play, eliminating the defensive team's role in starting the action. A prominent example of this is Baseball5, one of the main sporting disciplines governed by the World Baseball Softball Confederation along with baseball and softball.[25][26]

History

Main articles: History of baseball and History of cricket
A depiction of baseball and first-class cricket in 19th century America.

The history of baseball's formation and rise in popularity took place in England (potentially influenced by or descended from games played in continental Europe)[27] and then America. Predecessors of baseball were brought to America during the colonial era by English immigrants who played games similar to rounders; at the time, cricket was significantly more popular in the United States, since it was one of the main sports throughout the British Empire. However, the main format of cricket was first-class cricket, in which games lasted multiple days; baseball by comparison was a game that lasted less than two hours.[28] Because of the vast difference in the duration of the two sports and for other reasons, such as the rising American desire to have some type of national game distinct from England's games, baseball began to grow in America, especially among some of the non-English demographics.[29] Some attempts were made to nativize cricket in a way that would reduce its length and other perceived disadvantages relative to baseball; one example of this was wicket, an American variation of cricket which could be played in an afternoon.[30][31]

But by the time of the 1860s Civil War, baseball had begun to overtake cricket in popularity; one reason for this was that troops during the Civil War preferred to play baseball, as it did not require a specialized playing surface like the cricket pitch.[32] After the Civil War, baseball became a much more organized sport than cricket in America, with more money and competition available to baseball players across the country; thus, several professional cricket players switched to playing baseball, and cricket faded away in America.[33][34] Baseball then began to spread throughout the Pacific Rim and the Americas, supported by the contemporary westward expansion of the United States.[35][36] Over time, several variations of baseball appeared, with some being informal (kickball),[37] others becoming professional sports in their own right (softball),[38] and some even taking root overseas (pesäpallo).[39]

In other countries that were part of the British Empire, cricket slowly emerged as the game of choice for the colonizers to spread their culture and values among the colonized. Some of the colonized people adapted to playing cricket in order to win the favor of the British, while in other cases, colonized peoples played cricket as a way of beating the British at their own sports, and thus proving themselves as equals. This helped to cement cricket as part of the national culture of several countries that later won their independence from the British.[40][41]

Contemporary era

T20 cricket (right) have sped up baseball and cricket respectively, with the aim of attracting new fans.[42][43]

In 1971, the ODI (One Day International) format of cricket was first played internationally; the ODI format shortened cricket from a five-day long game (Test cricket) to a one-day long game.[44] In 2003, a new format of cricket called T20 cricket emerged which was designed to last only about three hours. By this time, the average MLB game had gone from being two hours long to about three hours long, so the two sports now had formats that were of a comparable duration.[32] Later on, the T10 format of cricket, in which games last less than two hours, emerged at a domestic level, with leagues being started for it in several major cricket-playing countries.[45][46]

Types of bat-and-ball games

See also: Forms of cricket and Variations of baseball

There is a great deal of variation among bat-and-ball games; for example, more runs are generally scored in a cricket match than dozens of baseball games combined,

Test cricket batter may bat for hours over several consecutive days.[49]

Overall, most bat-and-ball games can be categorized as being longball, baseball-like or cricket-like, with many of them following the same basic outline:[50][51][verification needed]

Common features

This list may not apply to all bat-and-ball games, but covers certain features common to many of them:

Running rules

Strategy

  • Batters have some latitude in terms of how far or when to run when scoring (i.e. a baseball batter may stop at 1st base or continue to 2nd if they desire, though their choice also depends on whether there is a runner at 2nd or 3rd; see Base running), and this creates a risk-reward decision that could result in either more runs or more outs.
    • Generally, the further the ball is hit from the fielders, the more time this affords for running and thus scoring.
  • There may be decisions on where to place fielders (see Infield shift) in anticipation of where a batter may hit the ball, or decisions on how and who best to deliver the ball to the batter so as to prevent them from hitting it and scoring (see Bowling).

Player roles

  • Substitution of players:
    • Cricket does not allow substitution, except for fielders to temporarily leave the field.
    • Other bat-and-ball games allow
      substitution
      , with baseball not permitting players who are substituted out to play any further role in the game.
  • How batters alternate the batting:
    • In cricket, the two safe havens are occupied at all times by one player each from the batting team. The ball is delivered to the player standing in one of the safe havens, with the two players being a
      batting pair that face all deliveries for their team until one of them is dismissed
      , at which point another player from the batting team comes to occupy the now-unoccupied safe haven.
      • The batting order is not fixed, and a player who has been gotten out is eliminated from play until their team's turn to bat is over.
    • In baseball and other sports, every time the batter tries to run to one of the bases, regardless of whether they safely reached or not, another batter comes in to bat.
      • These games can have a fixed batting order, and players can bat unlimited times in an inning.
  • How pitchers/bowlers alternate the delivering: In both baseball and cricket, any fielder can switch roles with the pitcher/bowler.
    • In limited overs cricket, each bowler has a limited number of legal deliveries they can bowl. In addition, bowlers can swap only after they have bowled the 6 legal deliveries of the over.
    • It is very rare in the top levels of baseball for a fielder to switch positions with the pitcher, as pitching is a highly specialized skill. Instead, a new pitcher will typically come in from the bullpen whenever one is needed, and the previous pitcher will then exit the game. A position player may pitch during a blowout, in which the manager does not want to needlessly tire his pitchers, or if no pitchers remain available to enter the game, as sometimes occurs deep into extra innings.

Scoring

  • How runs are scored by running:
    • In cricket, there is one player from the batting team in each safe haven, and one run is scored when both of these players swap safe havens. There is no limit to the number of runs they may score.
    • In various baseball-like as well as Schlagball, lapta, etc., a runner must complete a full trip around all of the bases to score a run.[61]
  • Penalties for not properly touching the necessary safe havens when running:
    • In cricket, it is considered a
      short run
      if a batsman doesn't touch the ground he is running towards, meaning the run does not score.
    • In baseball, runners can be put out by an appeal play if they have not touched each base in the proper order.
  • Alternative ways to score runs:
    • A ball that is hit very far (such as to
      Bat-and-Trap, may automatically give the batting team some runs.[62]

Elimination of batting players

  • A runner can be retired in baseball if tagged while not on a base.
    A cricket batter is run out if a wicket is hit by the ball before the batter crosses the crease near the wicket. (In the image above, the batter barely avoids being run out.)
    Ways for a batter to get out:
    • When a batter hits a ball in the air that is caught by a fielder without bouncing, the fielding team gets closer to getting the batting team out, or otherwise receives an advantage.
      • In baseball and cricket, catches get the batter out.
        • In early forms of baseball, the ball could bounce once before being caught.[63] The "one hand, one bounce" rule of street cricket is similar.
        • When a catch is made, any runs scored before the catch on that delivery are nullified, with any runners other than the batter potentially being at risk of being out as well (see
          Tagging up
          ).
      • In Schlagball, a one-handed catch taken "without bobbling" earns the fielding team a point.[64]
      • A fielder must remain within the field of play for the catch to be valid.
    • The batter may have a "strike zone" or "wicket" in their batting area which they must bat the ball away from. (In baseball, 3 unhit deliveries in the strike zone get a batter out, while one ball hitting a batter's wicket gets them out in cricket).
  • Ways for a runner/running player to get out:
    • In baseball, there are certain situations where a runner is forced to go to a particular base. In these situations, the runner is out if a fielder holding the ball touches that base before the runner reaches it.
      • Situation #1: the batter must always advance to first base upon hitting the ball into fair territory.
      • Situation #2: any runner must advance to the next base if they are on a base that a teammate must advance to.
      • Situation #3: runners must return to their bases if the batter gets out because of a catch by a fielder.
    • Another way for a runner to be put out in baseball is if they are not on a base when tagged by a fielder holding the ball.[52]
    • In cricket, a batter is
      wicket beyond the crease line, and hits it, before the batter crosses it.[57]

Delivery of the ball

Field

Main articles: Cricket field and Baseball field
The safe havens of a cricket field (left) and baseball field (right) are depicted in green.

In cricket and baseball, the playing field is large (at the highest levels of each sport, the minimum distance between the two furthest ends of the field is about 400 to 500 feet (120 to 150 m)[68][69][70]), and is divided into an infield and outfield (based on proximity to the batting area).

Cricket has the delivery and hitting of the ball done in the same area where the batters can run (the

batsmen's grounds in cricket (the areas that batsmen run between to score runs) is 58 feet (18 m) (though batsmen may run slightly less distance, since they are allowed to use their bats to touch their grounds), while the distance between bases in baseball is 90 feet (27 m) and in softball is 60 feet (18 m).[71][72]

Most bat-and-ball games have playing area in front of the batter (such as

foul territory
.

Bat-and-ball sports can be modified to be played in an indoor court. For example, indoor cricket takes place in a 30 by 12 metres (98 ft × 39 ft) facility, while Baseball5 is played on a 21 metres (69 ft)-square field.

Fielding positions

In baseball-like games, the fielders (also known as "position players") operate in a standard set of

slips cordon
behind the batter, or other areas of the field.

Game length

illegal deliveries; however, in limited overs cricket, fielding teams are penalized if they do not bowl enough legal deliveries at a certain rate, which essentially imposes a time limit of sorts on these types of games.[75]

Pace of play

In some bat-and-ball sports, there are team penalties designed to ensure the game goes at a faster pace. For example, in various formats of cricket, there are over rate penalties which kick in if a team has bowled too few deliveries within an allotted amount of time,[77] while in some baseball leagues, there is a pitch clock that penalizes batters and pitchers for taking too much time between pitches.[78]

Result

Bat-and-ball games are played until:

  • In baseball and
    Timeless Test cricket
    , the trailing team must complete all of its scheduled batting turns.
    • 5-day
      draw, which occurs when time runs out before the non-leading team(s) complete all of their batting turns, thus effectively yielding no result for the game.[58]
  • In bete-ombro[79] and early forms of baseball, a game can be played until either team scores a certain number of runs.

Ties can be dealt with in several ways:

  • The tie may simply be considered a tie.
  • An additional inning(s), either full-size or abbreviated, may be added to the game, with this potentially repeating until the tie is broken.
    • Cricket has a Super Over of at most 6 additional legal deliveries per team.[23]
    • If the Super over is also a tie then each player will take a turn trying to hit the wicket , which is known as wicket - hitting in cricket.
    • Baseball has extra innings.[24]
Run chases

When one of the teams is not leading and only they have completed all of their allotted batting turns, this allows the other team to win automatically by surpassing the number of runs scored by the first team. In cricket, this situation is referred to as a "

run chase", with the "target" of the batting team being the number of runs scored by the other team plus one.[80] In baseball, the home team can be considered to be chasing, with the aim of scoring the "walk-off" (winning) runs, when they are not leading anytime after the eighth inning, as a regulation game sees the trailing team bat at least nine times and the teams alternating the batting, with the home team always batting last.[81]

Margin of victory
Main article: Result (cricket) § Statement of result

In addition to the number of runs a team won by over their opponents, other factors which are relevant to determining which team wins, such as the number of outs or legal deliveries that were remaining in the batting team's turn (if they won/there was a limit on either resource), can be included with the statement of the result. The result may also mention

how many more times the losing team batted than the winning team.[22]

Shortened games

In some circumstances (e.g. bad weather), a

rain rule is applied such that any runs scored by the first-batting team are usually devalued.[83]

Terminology

Main articles: Glossary of cricket terms and Glossary of baseball terms

Here are some terms or concepts common to many bat-and-ball games:

Equipment

In the field, there may be:

Informal variants

Main articles:
Street baseball

Bat-and-ball games can be played with modified rules in unorthodox places, such as in the

penalized for hitting the ball out of the field into an area where it would be hard to reach, and play may be modified so as to ensure all players have an opportunity to participate, such as in Kwik cricket
.

Tournaments

At the international level, the

ICC T20 World Cup, and ICC World Test Championship are the premier tournaments. The Pesäpallo World Cup
is played every 3 years.

At the domestic level, baseball tends to be played in leagues with 2 major divisions, with the

T20 leagues in cricket tend to have 6 to 8 teams and follow the Page playoff system (two semi-finals, with an additional match played to determine which team enters the second semi-final, followed by a final).[85]

List of bat-and-ball games

Notable bat-and-ball games include:

Hybrid bat-and-ball games

  • Composite rules baseball–softball – a hybrid bat-and-ball sports which combines the elements of baseball and softball, played on the large identical
    baseball diamond
    with the larger ball, ten rather than nine innings, and allowing pitching the ball either underarm, overarm, or sidearm.
  • Composite rules baseball–cricket – a hybrid bat-and-ball games combining elements of baseball and cricket, played by two teams of 12 players with the 9 inches (230 mm) diameter baseball on the oval-shaped field about 220 yards (200 m) long by 176 yards (161 m) wide, at the center of which is a baseball field about 92 feet (28 m) apart with the rectangular 66.5 feet (20.3 m) by 12 feet (3.7 m) pitching area roughly at a distance between the pitcher and two batters (consists of the striking batter and non-striking batter), equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base. The objective is one batter (striking batter) on and at the right batter's box is pitched to, other batter (non-striking batter) stands on the left batter's box, then the striking batter must hit it and batter must runs around the bases in the normal counterclockwise direction, while the non-striking batter runs around bases in a clockwise direction at the same time. The game could last 12 innings of five overs.

Games without a bowler/pitcher

Gilli Danda

See also: Tip-cat

Gilli Danda (which is related to several other traditional games in other parts of the world) is a South Asian game with similarities to baseball and cricket. The aim of the game is for the batter to knock a stick on the ground up into the air using a stick held in the hand, and then to hit the airborne stick as far as possible. The batter is out if the stick is caught by a player on the other team before it touches the ground. Points are earned either based on the distance the stick travels, or by the batter running to a designated area while the fielders collect the batted stick and throw it back to the hitting area to try to get the batter out. The game ends after each team has batted once, with each team batting until all of its players are out.[88][89][90]

Non-bat-and-ball games

A Baseball5 batter hitting the ball.

Striking the ball with a "bat" or any type of stick, or having the defensive team deliver the ball to the batter, is not crucial. These games use the foot or hand to hit the ball, and make it significantly easier to hit the ball overall, either by placing significant restrictions on the way the defensive team delivers the ball to the batter, or by giving the batter possession of the ball at the start of each play. Otherwise their rules may be similar or even identical to baseball or cricket.[91] The first two use a large (35 cm) soft ball. Using the legs:

  • Kickball – four bases, sometimes called soccer baseball
    • Matball – kickball with gym mats for bases
  • batsmen's grounds
    , foot used to propel the ball rather than a bat

Using the hands:

  • Baseball5 – four bases, played at an international level (batter starts each play with ball)
  • Punchball – four bases, sometimes called volleyball-style baseball or slug

Involving throwing:

  • Stoop ball – ball is thrown against the steps of a stairway, and fielding is done on the rebound

See also

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