Battle of Cottonwood
Battle of Cottonwood | |||||||
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Part of the Nez Perce War | |||||||
Chief Joseph and his Nez Perce warriors defeated the U.S. Army at the Battle of Cottonwood | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States Army Civilian volunteers |
Nez Perce Native American Tribe | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Captain David Perry Captain Stephen Whipple |
Chief Joseph Ollokot White Bird | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
85 soldiers About 30 civilian volunteers | About 150 warriors | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
11 soldiers killed 6 civilian volunteers killed |
1 killed 1 wounded | ||||||
The Battle of Cottonwood was a series of engagements July 3–5, 1877, in the
Background
After their victory at the
The Nez Perce numbered about 600, of whom 150 were warriors. With them were more than 2,000 livestock, mostly horses.[3] With the guns and ammunition the Nez Perce had captured at White Bird Canyon, they were fairly well-armed. Their objective in the Battle of Cottonwood was "to engage the whites only long enough allow the safe passage of their families."[4]
Battle
After recrossing the Salmon and leaving Howard behind, the Nez Perce headed east across the
Whipple dug in around Norton's ranch with his remaining soldiers. He was reinforced on July 4 by Captain David Perry with twenty soldiers and six civilian volunteers.[6] Perry, who had led the soldiers in the White Bird Canyon battle two weeks earlier took command of the soldiers and volunteers, now numbering about 85. For the remainder of the day the soldiers stayed in their rifle pits while the Nez Perce sniped at them from long distance.
The next day, July 5, the Nez Perce undertook to bypass the entrenched soldiers, detailing fourteen young men to keep the soldiers pinned down in the rifle pits, while the remainder of the Nez Perce and their livestock, screened by warriors, passed by a mile away heading eastward. The soldiers did not contest their passage. A group of seventeen civilian volunteers appeared near Cottonwood at this time. They attempted to reach the soldiers by breaking through the Nez Perce screen, but they had to take up a defensive position on a hilltop about one and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Cottonwood. Three of the volunteers were killed and two wounded. One elderly Nez Perce warrior was killed – the first to die in the war – and one wounded. Although Captain Perry could see from his fortifications the plight of the volunteers he declined to send help until the Nez Perce had withdrawn.[7]
That evening, fifty civilian volunteers arrived to reinforce Perry, but the Nez Perce were gone. Casualties for the engagements totaled eleven soldiers and six civilian volunteers dead and several wounded. The Nez Perce suffered one dead and one wounded.[8]
Aftermath
Captain Perry was severely criticized for his tardiness in rescuing the civilian volunteers. He requested a Court of Inquiry, which declared that his delay was not "excessive under the circumstances."[9] The civilian volunteers acquired a place in Idaho history as the "Brave Seventeen."
The Nez Perce continued their journey east unmolested for 25 miles (40 km), then paused to rest at the Clearwater River. The band of Looking Glass and other Nez Perce joined the main group there and brought their strength up to about 800 with about 200 fighting men. A few days later, General Howard and a force of more than 500 men caught up with the Nez Perce and the Battle of the Clearwater ensued.[10]
Ten members of Company E and L of the 1st Cavalry killed in this battle are buried at the Fort Walla Walla Cemetery.[11]
References
- ^ "Chief Joseph: The Nez Perce Flight to Canada". OurHeritage. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
- ^ Jacoby, Jr., Alvin M. (1975). The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 534–535.
- ^ Jacoby, 632. Looking Glass with his band of 100-plus Nez Perce had not joined Joseph as yet. Joseph's Nez Perce would later number about 750.
- ISBN 9780805019919.
- ^ Jacoby, pp. 537-538
- ^ Jacoby, p. 538
- ^ McDermott, John D. (1978). Forlorn Hope: The Battle of White Bird Canyon and the Beginning of the Nez Perce War. Boise, ID: Idaho State Historical Society. pp. 125–126.
- ^ Jacoby, pp. 537–540
- ^ Hampton, p. 103
- ^ Hampton, pp. 125-126
- ^ Payne, James and Schultz, Laura, 2011, An Illustrated History of Fort Walla Walla, Walla Walla, Washington, Fort Walla Walla Museum, p. 19