Battle of Tirad Pass
Battle of Tirad Pass | |||||||
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Part of the Philippine–American War | |||||||
![]() General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, c. 1898. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
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Casualties and losses | |||||||
2 killed 9 wounded[2][3] | 52 killed[1] | ||||||
Location within Philippines |
The Battle of Tirad Pass (
Background
The retreat of Aguinaldo from
Battle
On the morning of December 2, the Americans advanced up the trail but were met with a steady volley of fire, enabling them to climb to only around 300 feet. The Americans abandoned the idea of a frontal assault and took cover in the zigzag trail. Texan sharpshooters positioned themselves on a hill overlooking the trenches, whittling down the Philippine rear guard with measured volleys. Nevertheless, the Filipinos continued to hold their ground, utilizing focused volley fire that repelled other advances by the Americans.[2][7] Therefore, March sent elements of their force with an Igorot villager named Januario Galut to determine the Filipino positions and outflank the defenders.[2] While the flanking movement was still in progress, three American soldiers rushed to the battlefield but found themselves receiving Filipino fire. Two died, being the only Americans killed in the encounter, while the third was badly wounded.[2]
More than five hours after the battle began, the Americans began to feel the scorching heat of the midday sun and decided to rest for a while amidst the rocks. Later that day, the search party had succeeded in their task, and the Americans fell upon the rear of the outnumbered defenders, defeating them. Over the course of the battle, 52 of the 60 Filipinos were killed.[2] Among the dead was General del Pilar, shot through the neck at the height or end of the struggle (depending upon which eye-witness account is to be believed[8]).
Aftermath
The Americans lost three dead and nine wounded, most of which resulted from the repelled frontal assault. Despite nearly total annihilation, however, the Filipinos under Del Pilar held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo to escape.
According to Filipino writer and historian Nick Joaquin however, the main objective of the Americans was not to pursue Aguinaldo but to keep him away from linking up with the elite Tinio Brigade, which was under the command of Manuel Tinio. In his critical book of essays "A Question of Heroes" he notes that Tirad Pass was an "exercise in futility" in that it only allowed Aguinaldo to "run to nowhere".[10]
Del Pilar's diary was recovered among the possessions looted by the victorious Americans, who had stripped him bare of his military decorations, his uniform and his personal belongings, leaving him, as the eyewitness, correspondent Richard Henry Little wrote, "We carved not a line and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone with his glory". The exact wording of its poignant final entry, written on the night of December 1, differs somewhat between sources quoting it. Two versions are:
The General has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great.[11][12][13]
The General has given me a Platoon of available men and has ordered me to defend this Pass. I am aware what a difficult task has been given me. Nevertheless, I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. I am doing everything for my beloved country. There is no greater sacrifice.[14]
Del Pilar's corpse lay unburied for three days. American officer Dennis Quinlan, with a group of Igorots, later buried his body and left a plaque, "Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Died December 2, 1899, Commanding Aguinaldo's Rear Guard, An Officer and a Gentleman."[2][15]
Memorials
In honor of Del Pilar's heroism, the Philippine Military Academy was named Fort Del Pilar and a historical marker placed at the site of the battle.[1]
The Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of Del Pilar was also commemorated during World War II when the Japanese-backed government of President José P. Laurel sought to re-kindle anti-American sentiment by reviving memories of the Philippine–American War with the creation of the Tirad Pass Medal. The design of the obverse (front) of the medal included a bust of Del Pilar and a view of Tirad Pass. The design of the reverse (back) includes the date 1944. The Tirad Pass Medal was the only military medal or decoration issued by the Laurel government during the Japanese occupation.[16]
In 1955, the town where the battle happened, Concepcion, was renamed Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur.[17]
References
- ^ a b c d Dumindin, Arnaldo. "Dec. 2, 1899: General Gregorio Del Pilar dies at Tirad Pass". Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960). Malolos: Crisis of the Republic. pp. 543–552.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
- ISBN 978-1-85109-952-8
- ^ a b Agoncillo, Teodoro (1974). Introduction to Filipino History.
- ^ Jones 2012, p. 150.
- National Historical Commission. pp. 55–61.
- ^ Jones 2012, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes.
- ^ Moorfield Storey; Marcial Primitivo Lichauco (1926). The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898–1925. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 109.
- Louis Freeland Post; Alice Thatcher Post; Stoughton Cooley (1899). "The Death of Gregorio Del Pilar". The Public. 2–11. Louis F. Post.
- ^ Raymond Landon Bridgman (1903). Loyal Traitors: A Story of Friendship for the Filipinos. J.H. West. (Full text, from the library of the University of California)
- ^ Teodoro Manguiat Kala (1974), An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a Boy-general, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, p. 61
- ^ "Remembering the 'Boy General'". Philippines on the Potomac (POPDC) project. December 3, 2017.
- ^ Basso, Aldo P. (1975). Coins, Medals and Tokens of the Philippines 1728–1974, 2nd Edition. Bookman Printing House.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 1246". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. June 10, 1955.
- Jones, Gregg (2012). Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-57512-3.