Battle of Wilmington
Battle of Wilmington | |||||||
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Part of the Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15, 1865 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States (Union) | Confederate States (Confederacy) | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
John M. Schofield David D. Porter | Braxton Bragg | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron | Confederate Department of North Carolina | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
12,000[1] | 6,000[2] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
305 | 845 |
The Battle of Wilmington was fought February 11–22, 1865, during the American Civil War, mostly outside the city of Wilmington, North Carolina, between the opposing Union and Confederate Departments of North Carolina. The Union victory in January in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher meant that Wilmington, 30 miles upriver, could no longer be used by the Confederacy as a port. It fell to Union troops after they overcame Confederate defenses along the Cape Fear River south of the city. The Confederate General Braxton Bragg burned stores of tobacco and cotton, among other supplies and equipment, before leaving the city, to prevent the Union from seizing them.
Background
After the fall of Fort Fisher, the port city of Wilmington was sealed to any further blockade runners; the Confederates had no remaining major ports along the Atlantic seaboard. Confederate forces evacuated the other defensive works near the mouth of the Cape Fear River; they were forced to disable and abandon the heavy artillery since they lacked the means to move them upriver.[3] While the Confederate defeat at Fort Fisher the previous month affected morale somewhat and led to an increase in desertion, the remaining soldiers also reported that morale remained high. General Braxton Bragg commanded the defenses of Wilmington; his field forces consisted of General Robert F. Hoke's division from the Army of Northern Virginia and some heavy artillery men and home guard. Hoke commanded three of his brigades on the east side of the Cape Fear River, along Sugar Loaf north of Fort Fisher; Hoke's fourth brigade occupied Fort Anderson on the west side of the river. Bragg remained in Wilmington in order to remove a stockpile of government stores and also to prevent the Union forces on the coast from reinforcing Major General William T. Sherman's army.[4]
Union general in chief, U.S. Grant, wanted to use Wilmington as a base for an advance to
Opposing forces
Union
Confederate
Battle
Sugar Loaf Line
The Battle of Wilmington consisted of three smaller engagements along the Cape Fear River. A Confederate division under Major General
Fort Anderson
Rear Admiral
Town Creek
Cox pursued Hagood from Fort Anderson, and on February 19 caught up to the Town Creek Line while Hoke's division retreated to a position three miles south of Wilmington, across the river from Hagood's force. Terry followed Hoke cautiously, worried about being surprised by an ambush or by a flank attack from his right. By this time Hoke actually outnumbered Terry as Ames' division was now on the west bank with Cox. Therefore, Ames was ferried back across again as Terry and Porter's fleet started clearing the river of torpedoes. Terry restarted his advance the next day, encountering Hoke's new lines in the afternoon. Once he was convinced that Hoke planned to remain where he was, Terry ordered the Union troops to start building entrenchments while Union gunboats tested the Confederate batteries along the river bank, just west of Hoke's division.[8]
Hagood had burned the only bridge across Town Creek to slow down Cox, and entrenched on the north side of the river. Cox was eager to attempt his encircling plan that, due to Hagood's retreat at Fort Anderson, the Federals had been unable to complete. The creek was not fordable, so on February 20 Cox's troops found a single flat-bottom boat in the river and used it to ferry three brigades across the creek while the fourth brigade skirmished with Hagood as a diversion. Hagood discovered the flanking movement and decided, since his position was now untenable, to retreat back to Wilmington. He left two regiments to cover his retreat. The Federals then waded through the swamp and attacked the Confederate flank, routing the two regiments, and taking 375 prisoners along with two pieces of artillery. The next day Cox rebuilt the destroyed bridge and Schofield's artillery crossed and along with Porter's gunboats both were within range of the city itself.[9] General Bragg saw the hopelessness of the situation and ordered the city abandoned. On February 21, Cox's division continued its march toward the city but was delayed by the destroyed bridges across the Brunswick River and by Confederate cavalry, while Hoke's division continued to hold off Terry's command. Bragg used the 21st to evacuate Union prisoners located there, while evacuating anything of military value; he also ordered bales of cotton and tobacco burned so that they would not fall into Union hands, along with storehouses, foundries, shipyards, and ships. Bragg retreated with his forces at 1 a.m. on the 22nd; Cox's corps entered the city after 8 a.m., with Terry's forces entering an hour later.[10]
Aftermath
The Battle of Wilmington closed the last major port of the
The capture of Wilmington gave Sherman's forces a base of supply and a supply route to the sea. Schofield was forced to spend some time repairing the damage caused by the Confederates to the rail lines near the city. He was also forced to use supplies earmarked for Sherman to help paroled prisoners sent to Wilmington and the civilians still living in the city. Schofield's forces were reorganized into the Army of the Ohio and from Wilmington he marched inland to join with Sherman's forces near Fayetteville.[13]
Notes
- ^ Gragg, p. 245.
- ^ Fonville, p. 325.
- ^ Gragg, pp. 240, 242, 243–244.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 316–319, 325–326.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 331–333, 337.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 345–351, 355, 358.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 359–379.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 386–388, 394–400.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 386, 390–393, 402–412.
- ^ Fonvielle, pp. 415–429.
- ^ Gragg, p. 240–242.
- ^ Fonvielle, p. 433.
- ^ Fonvielle, p. 433.
References
- Fonvielle Jr., Chris E. The Wilmington Campaign: Last Rays of Departing Hope. Campbell, California: Savas Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 1-882810-09-0.
- Gragg, Rod. Confederate Goliath: The Battle of Fort Fisher. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. ISBN 978-0-06-016096-8.
- Kennedy, Frances H., ed., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
- War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, vol 47, Part 1, Page 909
- Fort Fisher: National Historic Landmark, North Carolina Historic Sites
- "Monroe's Cross", Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) Report Update for North Carolina sites, National Park Service
- Battle of Wilmington Summary, American Battlefield Protection Program, National Park Service
Further reading
- Mark A. Moore, The Wilmington Campaign and the Battles for Fort Fisher, Da Capo Press, 1999.