Bob Heffron
New South Wales Parliament for Maroubra | |
---|---|
In office 17 June 1950 – 23 January 1968 | |
Preceded by | New district |
Succeeded by | Bill Haigh |
Personal details | |
Born | Robert James Heffron 10 September 1890 Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch) |
Spouse | Jessie Bjornstad (m.1917–1977) |
Children | Maylean Jessie Cordia OAM (1919–2006) June Ellen Healy (1923-2008)[1] |
Robert James Heffron (10 September 1890 – 27 July 1978), also known as Bob Heffron or R. J. Heffron, was a long-serving New South Wales politician, union organiser and
Heffron served as Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of
Early years and background
"Bob" Heffron (as he was widely known) was born on 10 September 1890 in Thames, New Zealand, the fifth child of Irish-born parents Michael Heffron, a blacksmith, and Ellen Heath.[2] After spending his early education at nearby Hikutaia, Heffron left school at 15 to work in a gold-treating plant while studying metallurgy at the Thames School of Mines. At 19, he went to California to work and to the Yukon in Canada to look for gold; when this proved unsuccessful he returned to New Zealand in 1912.[2]
Heffron joined the
In 1921, the Heffrons moved to
Early political career
Having confirmed his Lang credentials, Heffron stood as the endorsed Labor party candidate for the seat of Botany at the 1927 election, which was held by Thomas Mutch, who had split from party after a stoush with Lang and stood as an 'Independent Labor' candidate after being denied preselection. A contest marked by clashes and accusations of rorting, Heffron was ultimately unsuccessful, gaining only 45% of the vote.[11] He was eventually successful at the next election in 1930, defeating Mutch, and held Botany until its abolition in 1950.[3]
While his support for Lang had enabled Heffron to accelerate his political career, he found himself increasingly unhappy with Lang's autocratic and divisive political style, which had been amplified by the Great Depression, the expulsion of the NSW branch of the Labor Party from the federal branch and the ultimate dismissal of Lang's government in 1932 by Governor Sir Philip Game. After Labor's defeats at the hands of the United Australia Party (UAP) at the 1932 and 1935 state elections, Heffron became associated with a small group in caucus and in the NSW Labor Council who aimed to depose Lang as leader.[12] However, while Heffron's movement was based on his personal stronghold in his Botany–Maroubra ALP branches and the left-wing trade unions, Lang maintained majority control of the caucus, party machine and the party newspaper, Labor Daily.[2]
Industrial Labor Party
When Labor Council Secretary Robert King organised a conference of dissident left-wing unions on 1 August 1936, which was attended by Heffron and three other caucus members, Lang summoned a special party conference on 22 August which expelled Heffron, King and all the other leaders who attended the conference. As a result, Heffron, along with his colleague Carlo Lazzarini and others, formed the Industrial Labor Party (ILP), which was also known as the 'Heffron Labor Party'.[10] Despite their expulsion, Heffron and the new ILP did increasingly well against Lang and the Labor Party, winning two subsequent by-elections in the seats of Hurstville (won by Clive Evatt) and Waverley (won by Clarrie Martin). In June 1939, three other MPs, Frank Burke (Newtown), Mat Davidson (Cobar) and Ted Horsington (Sturt), unhappy with Lang's leadership joined the ILP. As a result of its success, John Curtin and the federal executive of the ALP pressured the NSW ALP to readmit Heffron and his party at a unity conference at the Majestic Theatre in Newtown on 26 August 1939[12] Heffron then combined forces with William McKell to depose Lang on 5 September 1939, with McKell becoming the new leader of the party, although he declined to stand for the position of deputy leader.[13]
Minister of the Crown
National Emergency Services
When the Labor Party eventually regained office under McKell, defeating
Heffron also clashed with the Federal Government's imposition of National Emergency Services procedures, most notably over the imposition of brownouts for the city of Sydney. In the Legislative Assembly in November 1942, Heffron denounced the advisers of the Federal Government who continued to maintain the brown-out as an essential defence measure: "The only conclusion I can come to, is that the brown-out was born of a form of panic when Japan entered the war and it has continued because of a few brass hats will not look at the facts and the evidence of the fighting men, but persist in sticking to their first conclusion. The position, therefore, is ludicrous."[15] Heffron later affirmed that the brown-out was completely unnecessary as a black-out, with short notice given, was a more effective and safer defensive measure.[16]
Minister for Education
Appointed by McKell as
In November 1952 he appointed Harold Wyndham as the director-general of education,[18] and commissioned him to chair a committee tasked to completely review the Secondary education system in New South Wales and make recommendations for improvements. The committee's report, popularly referred to as "The Wyndham Report", was presented to Heffron in October 1957 and gave rise to the Public Education Act of 1961, being brought into effect in 1962, during Heffron's term as premier.[19] Key amongst the changes was the objective of presenting all students with the opportunity to experience a wide range of subjects, including visual arts, industrial arts, music and drama, and a wide range of languages. The five-year secondary school system was abandoned in favour of adding another year to the course, with major statewide external examinations at the end of the tenth (School Certificate) and the twelfth (Higher School Certificate) years of schooling.[19]
Heffron's reformist attitude in education also extended to the tertiary level, in which he intended to significantly expand NSW's capacity for higher-level learning. On 9 July 1946 he presented a proposal to the cabinet outlining the creation of a technological-based university in NSW, as a separate institution to the existing Sydney Technical College and a year later cabinet authorised the appointment of a Developmental Council, chaired by Heffron, to bring the new tertiary institution into existence. First meeting in August 1947, the council established all the guidelines and regulations that would set-up the future institution and by March 1948, 46 students had already enrolled to study.[20]
This institution, now named the "New South Wales University of Technology", gained its statutory status through the enactment of 'New South Wales University of Technology Act 1949', which was carried by Heffron's firm support of its cause: "the Government ... is fully alive to the need in a democratic country to extend facilities to students who, for financial reasons, cannot attend present full-time university courses".[20] This was the first time that a second university was to be established in any Australian state. With the establishment of this institution receiving opposition by some areas in the media and conservatives, Heffron came to its defence in an article published in the Sydney Morning Herald on 4 May 1949, noting: "I feel that this new institution should be given time to prove its worth through the quality and work of its graduates".[20] In September 1958 Heffron moved the bill to change the name of the New South Wales University of Technology to the University of New South Wales following the recommendations of the Murray Report that had proposed the expansion of its focus from technology into such fields as medicine and arts. When several opposition MPs objected during debate on the basis of it posing a threat to the status of the University of Sydney, with one joking that it could be called "Heffron University", Heffron came to the defence of the university and dismissed the objections as "absurd".[20] In 1950 Heffron's seat of Botany was abolished and largely replaced by Maroubra, which he was subsequently elected to and held until his retirement in 1968.[21]
Meanwhile, Heffron, who supported a general policy of decentralising tertiary education across the state, directed his department to begin the establishment of various Teachers' Colleges in New South Wales, to provide sufficient tertiary training to the expanding numbers of teachers filling the new schools and colleges across the state. Among them was the Newcastle Teachers' College, established in 1949 and opened in 1950, which facilitated growing calls from the city of
In 1951 Heffron also played a role in the establishment of the University of New England (UNE) when he discussed with the University of Sydney on its thoughts about training and certifying schoolteachers by external studies and/or correspondence courses. The university rejected the idea, stating that external degree or certification programs would be significantly inferior to residence education. Undeterred, Heffron asked New England about its willingness to conduct external studies. The warden of the New England University College (and later first vice chancellor of UNE) Robert Madgwick enthusiastically supported the idea and instructed his college's staff to begin preparing an external studies program. Heffron asked the University of Sydney if it had any objection to New England being granted independence to operate the state's external education program. The university replied that it had no objection.[28] As a result, Heffron introduced the 'University of New England Act' to parliament in early December 1953, it received assent on 16 December 1953 and the college became the independent University of New England on 1 February 1954.[29]
Deputy premier and leadership
Throughout his period in the cabinet, Heffron was seen as a prominent and well-performing member of the government, and as such a potential contender for the premiership. The first opportunity for Heffron came in February 1946, when McKell announced to the Labor caucus of his intention to resign before the
When Heffron's former opponent Arthur resigned from the ministry on 23 February 1953 when a
Premier of New South Wales
Heffron became premier, being sworn in with his cabinet on 23 October 1959 at
Nevertheless, his government remained a reformist one, with investments in planning reforms, infrastructure and development. On 14 October 1960, Heffron presided over the official opening of
Evatt as chief justice
In January 1960 Heffron provided his old friend H. V. Evatt a dignified exit from federal politics by nominating him to succeed Sir Kenneth Street as Chief Justice of New South Wales. His Attorney General Reg Downing, however, was horrified, having favoured the senior puisne justice Sir William Owen as the most suitable candidate while also realising that Evatt's worsening health would render him less than equal to the task of chief justice.[41] Therefore, while Downing, as attorney general, would normally be the person to move the nomination of chief justice in cabinet, he refused to do so, leaving Heffron to do it himself. Heffron's motion to nominate Evatt was passed narrowly by 8 votes to 6.[41] Downing's concerns came to pass as Evatt indeed proved highly ineffective, often wracked by mental and physical ill-health, was reduced to having most of his judgements written or co-written for him, and resigning in 1962 after only two years as chief justice.[42]
Legislative Council abolition
Upon his elevation as premier Heffron, following an approved motion from the 1958 state conference, reanimated the longstanding Labor policy to abolish the
On 6 April 1960, Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council, which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before. As a result of the deadlock, Heffron requested the governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April, a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition. On 12 May the Assembly resolved that the bill be submitted for a referendum.
In January 1961, Heffron announced the date of the referendum for 29 April 1961 and affirmed that it would be a simple yes/no question and would not include "alternative proposals such as retaining the Upper House on an elective basis".[47] Heffron launched the government's 'Yes' campaign on 5 April 1961 imploring the electorate to: "get rid of a parliamentary anachronism and an obstruction to elected government", noting that when the council was hostile to government "it was denying justice to those who elected the Government" and when it was friendly to the government "it was wasting time and money by being a carbon copy of the Legislative Assembly".[48] However, despite the lack of time allocated for a campaign, the Liberal/Country opposition led by Robert Askin and Charles Cutler, despite rallying around a moderate slogan of "retain and reform", spearheaded a strong campaign centred on warnings of a Labor-dominated single house subject to "Communist and Trades Hall influence".[49] Askin promised to fight abolition "from one end of the state to the other" while Cutler also promised an "all-out campaign" alongside the Liberals.[50] By contrast Heffron and Labor's campaign was described as extremely "tame" and "lacklustre", having been weakened against the fact that any criticism of the legislative council also included its Labor members, with some Labor backbench MLAs terming the council "the union officials club".[50]
As a result, the referendum on 29 April was categorically rejected with 802,512 votes (42.4%) for abolition and 1,089,193 votes (57.5%) against.[51] This was the last attempt to abolish the council and, as the first time the NSW Labor party had lost a state poll in many years, was widely seen as the beginning of the end for the Labor government, which had been in power since 1941. Heffron's supporter Dougherty resigned from the council a month later in protest of the result.[52]
Second term
At the 1962 election Heffron, despite the damage to prestige represented by the failed referendum, put forward new policies including the establishment of a Department of Industrial Development to reduce unemployment, free school travel, aid to home buyers and commencing the construction of the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway as a toll-road.[53] At the election the Labor Party increased its margin by 5 seats, leaving a comfortable majority in the new parliament, although its success was attributed to the unpopularity at the time of Sir Robert Menzies' federal Liberal government following the 1961 credit squeeze.[54]
Another one of Heffron's election promises, namely a
Another issue arose when Cardinal Norman Gilroy presented Heffron in September 1962 with a plan for State aid to Catholic Church schools, including assistance for teacher salaries and capital grants for buildings, an issue that was highly explosive in the sectarian politics of New South Wales at the time. Heffron, alive to the need for a limited form of state support to placate sectarian conflict that could destroy the government, permitted Treasurer Jack Renshaw to include state support for school laboratories and a means-tested allowance to school students in the 1963 budget.[56] Heffron later dropped the school laboratory provision but his permitting of the means-tested allowance provoked condemnation from the Federal Party Executive in Adelaide on 30 September 1962, who were less interested in placating the traditional Catholic hierarchy and more informed by the bitterness of the earlier ALP/DLP split in the party in 1955.[56] Heffron and Renshaw backed down on this last provision, leaving no state aid for Catholic schools, and affirming the dominance of the Federal party in such matters.
Six months later on 30 April 1964, Heffron, tired after several decades in ministerial office, resigned as premier at the age of 73. His announcement came as a surprise to many members of his own party, although there had been existing hints in the previous months that the Labor caucus had been discussing a departure plan for Heffron, to be replaced by the Deputy Premier Renshaw. Heffron insisted that he had made the decision to himself a year prior, declaring: "It was purely my own decision, so I cannot complain about anyone throwing me out or advising me to get out. Sometimes we are advised to get out – there are hints, but we don't take any notice when they come from outside, but it is not the same, of course, as coming from your own party."
Later life
After resigning as premier, Heffron remained in Parliament as member for Maroubra, retaining his seat at the 1965 election, thereby witnessing his Labor Party enter opposition for the first time in twenty-five years. He stayed for one more term until his retirement in January 1968, marking thirty-seven years in Parliament. In his valedictory speech, Heffron remarked:
"In looking back on my life, I express happiness that I did go into politics. If anybody had then said to me that I would become a Minister of the Crown, I should have thought that I would be the last card in the pack. When I see these young fellows in the Ministry, it reminds me of when I was beating about back in the dark days of the depression. Had anybody then suggested that I would become a Premier of New South Wales, I should have considered that man a suitable candidate for Callan Park. However, with the passage of time, these things happen, and it then becomes a matter of doing one's best. That is what I have tried to do over the years."
— Parliament, 7 December 1967.[60]
In youth a Roman Catholic, he spent most of his adulthood – unusually for a New South Wales Labor politician at the time – outside the Roman Church, describing himself as a "proselytising
"The importance of his term as Minister for Education lies not merely in its record length of sixteen years; it lies in the unprecedented challenges of those years and the way he met them. Because of the seminal importance of those years, Mr Heffron could well lay claim to be father of the modern education system in New South Wales. [...] These were years not only of vast expansion in the number of schools and pupils; they were also years of great experimentation and innovation reflecting deep changes in community attitudes to the purposes of education. The Heffron years established for the first time that equality of opportunity in education was the right of all, not just of the privileged few."
— Neville Wran, 15 August 1978.[68]
Honours and legacy
In 1947 Heffron was honoured by the Royal Australian Historical Society by being made an Honorary Fellow.[3] Heffron was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney on 29 August 1952, with his citation reading:
"Robert James Heffron's whole political career has shown him to be a man of deep sincerity of purpose and with the courage of his convictions, 'One who never turned his back, but marched breastforward.' It is, in consequence, not surprising that under his ministerial aegis we see the results of his educational zeal and enthusiasm in the rapid growth of the Child Welfare Department, which he has raised to a level equal to the best overseas, in the expansion of library and other cultural facilities, in the planning and creation of new schools, colleges and institutes of higher learning, and last, but not least, in the unfailing sympathy he has always shown with our own University and in his ready understanding of its more pressing problems."
— Hon.D.Litt. citation.[69]
Heffron was also awarded an Honorary
Heffron was appointed as a member of the board of directors of the
In 1962, in honour of Heffron's role in establishing the school in 1950,
Citations
- ^ "Getting Married". The Australian Women's Weekly. 11 October 1947. p. 16. Retrieved 7 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ^ ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ a b c "Mr Robert James Heffron (1890–1978)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "R16793960 – 18805 – HEFFRON, Robert James – WW1 N/N – Army". Archives New Zealand. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
- ^ "William Thomas Heffron". Online Cenotaph. Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-86287-549-4.
- ^ "PORT LYTTELTON". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 February 1924. p. 8. Retrieved 20 April 2014 – via Trove.
- ^ "ARRESTED. Conspiracy Charge. Union Officials. Shipping Dispute". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 April 1924. p. 9. Retrieved 20 April 2014 – via Trove.
- ^ "PORT LYTTELTON. Charge Fails. "Not Guilty" By Direction". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 July 1924. p. 9. Retrieved 20 April 2014 – via Trove.
- ^ a b Williams (2006), p. 317.
- ^ Green, Antony. "1927 Botany". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ^ a b Williams (2006), p. 318.
- ^ a b Williams (2006), p. 319.
- ^ "Agency Detail – National Emergency Services, New South Wales". State Records Archives Investigator. NSW Government State Records. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "MR. HEFFRON". Goulburn Evening Post (Daily ed.). NSW. 4 November 1942. p. 1. Retrieved 20 January 2016 – via Trove.
- Daily Examiner. Grafton, NSW. 17 May 1943. p. 2. Retrieved 20 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ Heffron, R. J. (Robert James) (December 1946), To-morrow is Theirs: The Present and Future of Education in New South Wales, Sydney: NSW Department of Education, retrieved 6 August 2013
- ^ "Dr H.S. Wyndham". The Education Gazette. December 1968.
- ^ ISBN 1-920846-12-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Bird, Katie (September 2009). "Robert James Heffron – A Founding Father of UNSW" (PDF). Origins, Newsletter of the UNSW Archives (12): 2–3. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ Green, Antony. "Elections for the District of Maroubra". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- Scone Advocate. NSW. 23 May 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. NSW. 11 July 1951. p. 3. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ "NEWCASTLE COLLEGE". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 December 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ "No Funds For Varsity at Newcastle". The Singleton Argus. NSW. 14 May 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ "New University College Opening". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 26 January 1954. p. 6. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ "Newcastle University Plan". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 September 1961. p. 17.
- ^ Jordan (2004), pp. 69–70.
- ^ Jordan (2004), pp. 74–75.
- Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. NSW. 2 April 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 21 April 2014 – via Trove.
- ^ "CAHILL BECOMES PREMIER. Wins Ballot By 32 To 14". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 April 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 21 April 2014 – via Trove.
- ^ "Mr Joshua George Arthur (1906–1974)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ "Mr. Heffron To Greet Jap. Prime Minister". The Canberra Times. 1 November 1957. p. 17. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-86287-591-3.
- ^ Hall in Clune et al. "Decision and Deliberation", p.373
- ^ Hall, Richard (15 February 1964). "Dumping a Premier: The struggle for succession". The Bulletin. 86 (4382): 7. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ "DAMS OF GREATER SYDNEY AND SURROUNDS – Warragamba" (PDF). Sydney Catchment Authority. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Warragamba Dam: official opening by the Honourable R.J. Heffron, M.L.A., premier of New South Wales, Friday, 14th October 1960". National Library of Australia. Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board. 1960. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Bill on Home Unit Titles Before Assembly". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 February 1961. p. 10.
- ^ "Conveyancing (Strata Titles) Act (No. 17), 1961" (PDF). AustLII. Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Williams (2006), p. 325.
- ^ Campbell, Andrew (Winter 2007). "Dr. H. V. Evatt – Part One: A Question of Sanity" (PDF). National Observer (73). Melbourne: Council for the National Interest: 39.
- ^ Williams (2006), p. 323.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-86287-651-4.
- ^ Clayton v Attorney-General for New South Wales (1960) NSWR 592 (20 September 1960), Supreme Court (Full Court) (NSW).
- ^ Clayton v Heffron [1960] HCA 92, (1960) 105 CLR 214 (15 December 1960), High Court.
- ^ Clune et al. "Decision and Deliberation", p.410.
- ^ "Heffron Says Council "An Obstruction"". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 April 1961. p. 11. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ISBN 978-1-86287-659-0.
- ^ a b Clune et al. "Decision and Deliberation", p.411.
- ^ "Referendums and Polls – 29 April 1961". Results. New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ "Mr Tom Nicholson Pearce Dougherty (1902–1972)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
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- ^ Williams (2006), p. 326.
- ^ "Royal Commission into Off-the-Course Betting in New South Wales". State Records. NSW Government. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ a b c Williams (2006), p. 327.
- ^ "Heffron Resigns Office: Renshaw Likely New Premier". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 April 1964. p. 1. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "His Excellency Bob back". The Sun. No. 13, 901. 1 September 1954. p. 25. Retrieved 9 February 2019 – via Trove.
- ^ "No. 43373". The London Gazette. 3 July 1964. p. 5724.
- ^ "Special Adjournment – Mr HEFFRON (Maroubra)" (PDF). Legislative Assembly (Hansard). Parliament of New South Wales. 7 December 1967. p. 4439. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Pope Sees Mr. Heffron". The Canberra Times. 29 July 1963. p. 12. Retrieved 20 January 2016 – via Trove.
- ^ Australian ELectoral Commission, NSW Electoral Rolls, 1903–1980.
- ^ "Mrs Jessie Heffron Dies". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 July 1977. p. 2.
- ^ "Heffron, 'the peoples statesman': Archbishop pays tribute at funeral". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 August 1978. p. 2.
- ^ "BOTANY CREMATORIUM". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 May 1938. p. 6. Retrieved 4 July 2020 – via Trove.
- The Labor Daily. 9 May 1938. p. 4. Retrieved 4 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ^ "Heffron Opens Crematorium". The Labor Daily. 9 May 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 4 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ^ "Death of The Honourable Robert James Heffrom, A Former Premier of New South Wales" (PDF). Legislative Assembly (Hansard). Parliament of New South Wales. 15 August 1978. p. 39. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "The Hon Robert James Heffron". Senate – Honorary Awards. University of Sydney. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Henry Aloysius HANKE – The Hon. R.J. Heffron, M.L.A." UNSW Art Collection. University of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "Robert Heffron Building (E12 – now known as the Australian School of Business Building)". Campus Buildings Exhibition. UNSW Records and Archives Office. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
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- ^ "APPOINTMENTS. (116)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 21 August 1942. p. 2390. Retrieved 6 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ^ "APPOINTMENTS. (102)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 5 September 1947. p. 2065. Retrieved 6 July 2020 – via Trove.
- ^ "APPOINTMENTS. (141)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 1 September 1950. p. 2675. Retrieved 6 July 2020 – via Trove.
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- ^ "Opening of the Assembly Hall" (PDF). 60th Anniversary 1955–2015. East Hills Boys High School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
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- ^ Mitchell, Alex (19 June 2006). "Passionate preserver of the past – Maylean Cordia, 1919–2006". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
References
- Bird, Katie (September 2009). "Robert James Heffron – A Founding Father of UNSW" (PDF). Origins, Newsletter of the UNSW Archives (12): 2–3. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- Carr, Bob (1996). "Heffron, Robert James (1890–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography (14). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- Clune, David; Griffith, Gareth (2006). Decision and Deliberation: The Parliament of New South Wales, 1856–2003. Leichhardt: The Federation Press. ISBN 978-1-86287-591-3.
- Curtis, Stephen (2006). "The Leaving Certificate in New South Wales from 1939 to 1962". In Grootenboer, Peter; Zevenbergen, Robyn (eds.). MERGA 29 – Identities, Cultures and Learning Spaces : Volume 1. Adelaide: Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia Inc. ISBN 1-920846-12-3.
- Jordan, Matthew (2004). A Spirit of True Learning: The Jubilee History of the University of New England. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. OCLC 224191137. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- Lovelock, Lynn; Evans, John (2008). New South Wales Legislative Council Practice. Leichhardt: The Federation Press. ISBN 978-1-86287-651-4.