Brunswick Town, North Carolina
Brunswick Town was a prominent
Brunswick Town became an excavation site for Cape Fear history during the 20th century. The Brunswick Town Historic District contains the ruins of 18th-century commercial and residential colonial homes, St Philip's Church, Fort Anderson, and Russellborough, the former governor's mansion. The town's historic district and St. Philip's Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Establishment
In the decades prior to the establishment of Brunswick Town, the surrounding area was inhabited by the Cape Fear Native Americans,[2] who allied with the Carolina colonists against the inland Tuscarorans in the Tuscarora War (1711–15) but subsequently fought against the colonists in the Yamasee War (1715-1717).[3] In 1725, the Lord Proprietors granted Colonel Maurice Moore 1,500 acres of land where he established Brunswick Town in June 1726.[4] The first lot was sold to Cornelius Harnett Sr.[5]
Colonel Maurice Moore was the son of
During the next few months, Brunswick Town grew rapidly and became a busy port for exporting longleaf pine products such as tar, pitch, and turpentine used for the Royal Navy and merchant ships.[9] During the 1730s, Brunswick Town became the political center of the Cape Fear region and seat of New Hanover County.[10] Brunswick Town was crucial to Wilmington because the Cape Fear river was too shallow near the mouth of Town Creek for large vessels to pass through.[11] The town was the third capital city of the Province of North Carolina, from 1743 to 1770 (although this title simply referred to the town where the current governor resided rather than any official designation).
Spanish attack
Over the next few decades the Port of Brunswick became the busiest port district in North Carolina, and shipped goods to
On September 5 Captain William Dry III rallied a group of around 67 men who were armed with muskets and pistols to take back the town. William Dry III with the help of William Moore, Schenk Moore, Edward Wingate, Cornelius Harnett Jr., and William Lord started the counterattack on September 6.[13] Among the men was also a slave who was volunteered by George Ronalds. The Spanish fled from the town. Ten of the privateers were killed and thirty were captured.[14] During the retreat, the La Fortuna exploded killing most of the men on board. The second ship, La Loretta, surrendered on the condition that they would be able to leave. During the counterattack, only one person defending the town lost his life. The slave that was volunteered by George Ronalds lost his life when a small cannon exploded.
The abandoned ship, La Fortuna, was still in the river when the remainder of the privateers had been thrown out of the town. William Dry III hired sailors to search the La Fortuna for anything valuable. The sailors were able to bring ashore guns, anchors, and items stolen from the town. Among the items confiscated from the ship was a painting depicting the
Russellborough
Russellborough was first owned by Captain John Russell of his majesty's sloop, Scorpion.
When the construction of Fort Anderson was being completed, Russellborough was untouched. Today the excavated ruins can be seen at Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson North Carolina State Historic Site. Artifacts from Russellborough can also be viewed in the exhibit hall located in the visitor center.
Stamp Act resistance
On November 1, 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act.[22] That same month, the HM Sloop Diligence arrives at the port with stamps. However, angry citizens of Brunswick Town met the Captain at the dock refusing to allow the stamps off the ship.[23] Governor Tryon attempted to calm residents down but he was determined to uphold the law. In February 1766, the Dobbs and the Patience arrived at Brunswick Town. The ships did not have stamp clearance, and were not allowed to unload.[24]
On February 20, 1766, Patriot leaders, John Ashe, Cornelius Harnett, James Moore, Captain Robert Howe and Colonel Hugh Waddell led several hundred citizens to arrest royal officials in the town. The protest resulted in the end of stamp tax collection for the Cape Fear region.
Decline of the town
With the combination of Wilmington's continued growth and Tryon moving to his new
By 1775, the few families that still lived in Brunswick Town fled due to fears of a British attack during the American Revolutionary War.[29] On July 18–21, 1775, Patriots led by Robert Howe, Cornelius Harnett, and John Ashe attacked Fort Johnston while Captain Collett and Governor Josiah Martin watched from the Cruizer. The following spring of 1776, a British raiding party from the Royal Navy ship HMS Cruizer attacked Brunswick Town. The raiding party, led by Captain Collett, burned most of the town's structures including Russellborough and more than likely Saint Phillips Church .[30] Later, under orders from General Clinton and General Cornwallis, British forces burned parts of the town again. After the war, two or three families returned to Brunswick. The port was still functioning but by 1830 the town site was completely abandoned and sold to Frederick Jones Hill, owner of Orton Plantation, for $4.25.
In March 1862, Confederate States Army engineers began to survey the remains of Brunswick Town. The Confederates built earthworks and trenches in the town site, covering the remains of several burnt structures except for St. Philip's Church. The fort was constructed to protect the city of Wilmington 10 miles (16 km) upstream, a vital port during the Civil War. The bastion was named Fort St. Philip, but renamed Fort Anderson in July 1863.[31] During the attack on Fort Anderson in February 1865, cannonballs shot from Union ships in the Cape Fear River hit the walls of St. Philip's Church and are still evident today.
Excavation
In 1899, the newly formed Cape Fear Chapter of the North Carolina Society of
In popular culture
Brunswick Town is also one of the settings in which the Sleepy Hollow television series has been filmed.
References
- ^ Prose, Francine (March 7, 1993). "A Sojourn On Cape Fear". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ISBN 0-8131-2405-0.
- ISBN 0-8131-2405-0.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Building a Colonial Port". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Building a Colonial Port". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Building a Colonial Port". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Spanish Attack". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Spanish Attack". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ^ North Carolina Historic Sites. "Spanish Attack". Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 0-9723240-6-2.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ]
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.
- ISBN 978-0-86526-343-7.