Cades Pond culture
The Cades Pond culture is defined as a Middle
Location
The Cades Pond culture is found in an area roughly corresponding to present-day central and eastern
There may have been more than 50 mounds in Alachua County before agriculture and other development degraded or destroyed many of them. Most of those mounds were probably constructed by Cades Pond people. Villages and mounds usually occurred together. Villages that were ceremonial centers might also include one or more of additional mounds, cemeteries, other earthworks, and/or ponds. Some outlying hamlets might not have a mound.[5] Villages appear to have been occupied for long periods, and included large storage pits.[6]
Sites
Mounds and village sites of the Cades Pond culture include the Running Lake Mounds (8AL182, 8AL183), near
History
Prior to 100, people of the Deptford culture spent most of their time on the Gulf of Mexico coast with seasonal excursions to inland sites. Deptford people established permanent villages in the area of Alachua County around 100, as the Cades Pond culture developed out of the Deptford culture. Late Deptford sites on the Gulf coast close to the Cades Pond culture area built shell mounds. Horseshoe-shaped shell rings appeared in those sites starting in the first century CE. Several early Cades Pond sites, including River Styx, Ramsey Pasture and Cross Creek, had horseshoe shaped sand mounds or earthworks surrounding a central mound used for burials.[9]
The River Styx site, the earliest known Cades Pond site, was a transitional site, with Deptford style ceramics resembling the
The somewhat later Cross Creek site is more elaborate than the River Styx site, with several mounds. It did not have any Deptford-style ceramics. A burial mound is surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped earthwork, as at the River Styx site, but does not contain any cremations. Other mounds at Cross Creek do not have associated earthworks around them.[12][13]
The Ramsey Pasture Mound (8FL78) has a central mound surrounded by horseshoe-shaped earthwork, which presumably places it early in the development of the Cades Pond culture, but it has not been excavated and cannot be placed in sequence with other sites.[14]
Weeden Island ceremonial pottery appeared in Cades Pond mounds around 300. Pottery found in Cades Pond villages and middens was largely undecorated, and resembled contemporary ceramics of the St. Johns culture.[15][16] Cades Pond culture has been described as a Weeden Island culture, but St. Johns series pots always outnumbered Weeden Island pots in Cades Pond mounds, suggesting closer ties to the St. Johns culture area than to Weeden Island.[17] The influence of Weeden Island culture on Cades Pond may have weakened by 500.[18] Around 600 to 700 the Cades Pond culture was replaced by the Alachua culture.[19][20] Wallis suggests that drought in north central Florida in 659 to 724 is related to replacement of the Cades Pond culture by the Alachua culture.[21] The ritual and mounds of the Alachua culture were simpler than that of the Cades Pond culture. The subsistence patterns of the Alachua culture were oriented to upland areas, making little use of the wetlands that were so important to Cades Pond culture. Rolland offers three scenarios for consideration: (1) that the Alachua culture developed in place from Cades Pond, adopting pottery styles from inland cultures running up through Georgia and South Carolina into North Carolina, (2) that the predecessors of the Alachua culture moved into the area and coexisted with people of Cades Pond for a while (Cades Pond pottery may have remained in use in the area into the 9th or 10th century), eventually absorbing the Cades Pond people, or (3) the Cades Pond people left the area or otherwise disappeared before the people of the Alachua culture moved into the area.[22]
Culture
The Cades Pond culture is distinguished by its pottery and stone tools, and by the siting of its villages. Pottery found at Cades Pond sites consists primarily of large, undecorated bowls. Stone tools include hafted knives and scraping tools, perforators, triangular knives, manos and metates and sandstone abraders. Bone tools include double-pointed leisters, splinter awls, perforators, flakers, deer ulna awls, scrapers or fleshers, punches, and fids. Shell columella (the central column of a conch or whelk shell, often used as a hammer) and tools with shark's teeth have also been found.[23]
The Cades Pond people heavily exploited the
Pottery of
There is no archaeological evidence of cultivation and consumption of maize in the Cades Pond culture. However, analysis of bone
Notes
- ^ Milanich 1995: 26
- ^ Milanich 1978a:134
- ^ Milanich 1978b:168-69
- ^ Hemmings: 141, 144
- ^ Hemmings: 146-47
- ^ Milanich 1995: 228-29
- ^ Hemmings: 142-43
- ^ Wallis, et al.: 170.
- ^ Wallis, et al.: 172-73.
- ^ Hemmings: 144.
- ^ Milanich 1978b: 162.
- ^ Wallis, et al.: 171-73
- ^ Milanich 1978b: 162-64
- ^ Wallis, et al.: 172.
- ISBN 0-8173-1137-8. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ Milanich 1994: 228-29
- ^ Wallis 2016: 89
- ^ Rolland: 136
- ^ Milanich 1994: 333
- ^ Milanich 1995: 28, 163, 228-29
- ^ Wallis 2016: 97
- ^ Rolland: 136
- ^ Milanich 1995: 232, 235
- ^ Milanich 1995: 229-32.
- ^ Hemmings: 144-46.
- ^ Milanich 1995: 235
- ISBN 978-0123693648.
References
- Hemmings, E. Thomas (December 1978). "Cades Pond Subsistence, Settlement, and Ceremonialism". The Florida Anthropologist. 31 (4): 141–150. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- Milanich 1978a, Jerald T. (December 1978). "Indians of North-Central Florida". The Florida Anthropologist. 31 (4): 131–140. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Milanich 1978b, Jerald T. (December 1978). "Two Cades Pond Sites in North-Central Florida--the Occupational Nexus as a Model of Settlement". The Florida Anthropologist. 31 (4): 151–73 – via University of Florida Digital Collections.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2.
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1599-5.
- Monés, Micah P.; Wallis, Neill J.; Sassaman, Kenneth E. (September 2012). "Archaeological Investigations at Deer Island, Levy County, Florida" (PDF). Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology, University of Florida. Technical Report 15.
- Rolland, Vicky (2012). "The Alachua of North-Central Florida". In Ashley, Keith; White, Nancy Marie (eds.). Late Prehistoric Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 126–48. ISBN 978-0-8130-4014-1.
- Wallis, Neill (June–September 2016). "Climate Change and Ritual Intervention? An Egnimatic Sinkhole Pond and the End of Cades Pond Culture". The Florida Anthropologist. 69 (2–3): 89–110 – via Academia.edu.
- Wallis, Neill; Cordell, Ann S.; Stoltman, James B. (December 2014). "Foundations of the cades pond culture in north-central Florida: the River Styx site (8AL458)". Southeastern Archaeology. 33 (2): 168–188. S2CID 129037557– via Research Gate.