Carapintadas
The Carapintadas (English: Painted Faces) were a group of mutineers in the Argentine Army, who took part in various uprisings between 1987 and 1990 during the presidencies of Raúl Alfonsín and Carlos Menem in Argentina. The rebellions, while at first thought to be an attempt at a military coup, were staged primarily to assert displeasure against the civilian government and make certain military demands known.[1]
Background
Following Argentina’s return to democracy in 1983 with the election of Raúl Alfonsín, the new democratic government sought justice for the human rights violations perpetuated by the military government. The creation of CONADEP, the publication of Nunca Más report, the reform to the Military Justice Code, and the Trial of the Juntas (Juicio de las Juntas) were some of the measures taken to shed light on what had happened during the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional and bring the perpetrators to justice.[2]
Carapintadas uprisings
| Carapintadas uprisings | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||
 Argentina | Carapintadas | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
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Carlos Menem | Mohamed Alí Seineldín | ||||
On April 15, 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Aldo Rico led the first uprising of the Carapintadas at the Campo de Mayo Infantry School in Buenos Aires.[3] The Carapintadas referred to this uprising as Operación Dignidad, a reflection of their demands for honor and respect to be shown to the Armed Forces, something that the Carapintadas felt had been lost under the new democratic regime.[3] Among this general sentiment, there was also a call for the end to the trials for human rights violations and removal of the army chief of staff.[3] In future uprisings, the Carapintadas would include expansion of the military budget among their demands.[4] President Alfonsín addressed an estimated 200,000 protestors who had gathered in front of the Casa Rosada (Argentina's presidential palace), promising to end the conflict, before traveling to Campo de Mayo to negotiate with Rico.[3] On April 19, 1987, the Carapintadas surrendered.
The Carapintadas revolted again under Rico's command in January 1988 in Monte Caseros. Six other regiments joined Rico in solidarity, adding up to a total of 350 soldiers.[3] An unconditional surrender followed 5 days later, whereupon Rico was expelled from the army and imprisoned, while other Carapintada members were forced to retire, expelled from the army, or exiled.[3]
The third uprising took place in December of that year, when members of the Albatros special unit, led by Mohamed Alí Seineldín, took control of the military barracks in Villa Martelli. The demands of this rebellion were similar to the previous two: they requested the resignation of General Caridi and that his replacement be pro-Carapintada; full amnesty beyond the Due Obedience law; and an increase in military salaries.[3] However, by this rebellion, the demands of the Carapintada were beginning to become much more vague than the previous uprisings under Rico.[4] They were later followed by around 1,000 troops of the three armed forces. The mutineers surrendered days later, but only Seineldín and Major Hugo Abete were arrested. Several of the mutineers' demands were conceded by the government, such as the replacement of General Caridi with General Gassino and a military pay increase.
As was reported in the
In October 1989, president elect
Significance
The uprisings of the Carapintadas had significant effects on the trajectory of Argentine civil-military relations and transitional justice processes. President Alfonsín’s government inherited a substantial amount of debt from its military predecessor, which led to intense slashing of the military budget. This was interpreted as an attempt to undercut and weaken the military in addition to the humiliation of the human rights trials and denunciation of the National Reorganization Process.[4]
The first rebellion was also the first outright expression of the Argentine Armed Forces regarding the memory of the Dirty War.[5] In the eyes of the Carapintadas, the National Reorganization Process had been a necessary war against Communist subversion and the military had saved the Argentine way of life.[2] The rebellions as a whole created rifts within the military itself: while the non-Carapintada military did not fully support the rebellion, they were unwilling to repress the Carapintadas until the final uprising under Menem.[2]
The rebellions also created tensions and power struggles between the government and military for several years afterward. Rather than attempting to organically cultivate military support for the democratic civilian government, Alfonsín’s administration had instead attempted to force the Armed Forces to respect civilian control.[6]
Additionally, the government’s response to the uprisings weakened civilian faith in the new democracy’s ability to manage the military and proceed with human rights rectification. The passing of the Due Obedience Law shortly after the first Carapintada uprising in 1987 was seen by many human rights groups and activists as Alfonsín making concessions with what remained of authoritarian rule.[5]
Leaders of the Carapintadas later entered politics. Aldo Rico formed
See also
- 1989 attack on La Tablada Regiment
External links
- Military Uprisings
- "Un ataque que sorprendió a toda la dirigencia política" Clarín (in Spanish)
- "Asalto al cuartel de La Tablada" (in Spanish)
Notes
- )
- ^ a b c Tedesco, Laura (December 1996). "The Argentine Armed Forces under President Alfonsín". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies: 21–37.
- ^ )
- ^ S2CID 155006260.
- ^ a b Perelli, Carina (Summer 1992). "Settling Accounts with Blood Memory: The Case of Argentina". Social Research. 59: 415–451.
- S2CID 145643541.
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