President of Argentina

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See also: List of heads of state of Argentina

President of the
Argentine Nation
Presidente de la Nación Argentina
Vice President
SalaryARS 2,156,418.21 (US$8,262) monthly (as of June 2023)[1]
Websitecasarosada.gob.ar
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    The president of Argentina (Spanish: Presidente de Argentina; officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation[2] Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

    Throughout Argentine history, the office of head of state has undergone many changes, both in its title as in its features and powers. The current president Javier Milei was sworn into office on 10 December 2023. He succeeded Alberto Fernández.

    The constitution of Argentina, along with several

    constitutional amendments
    , establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, the term of office and the method of election.

    History

    The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when it was separated by the King Charles III of Spain from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru, creating the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The head of state continued to be the king, but he was represented locally by the viceroy. These viceroys were seldom natives of the country.

    By the

    autonomous government, known as the Primera Junta, was formed in Buenos Aires. It was later known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined. These early attempts at self-government were succeeded by two Triumvirates and, although the first juntas had presidents, the king of Spain
    was still regarded as head of state.

    Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of the Argentine Republic

    Executive power was still not in the hands of a single person until the position of

    1813 National Assembly. In 1817, Congress declared independence[clarification needed
    ] and composed a constitution. This established the Supreme Director as head of state and vested the position with presidential powers. This constitution gave the supreme director the power of appointing governors of the provinces. Owing to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, and the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces.

    A new constitution was drafted in 1826. This constitution was the first to create a president, although this office retained the powers described in the 1816 constitution. This constitution did come into force, resulting in the election of the first president, Bernardino Rivadavia. Because of the Cisplatine War, Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly thereafter.

    A civil war between

    unitarios (unitarians, i.e. Buenos Aires centralists) and federalists ensued in the following decades. At this time, there was no central authority, and the closest to that was the chairman of foreign relations, typically the governor of the province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who in the last years of his governorship was elected Supreme Chief of the Confederation
    , gaining effective rule of the rest of the country.

    In 1852, Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This constitution, still in force, established a national federal government, with the office of president. The term was fixed as six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected president under the constitution was Justo José de Urquiza, but Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Bartolomé Mitre was the first president of the unified country, when Buenos Aires rejoined the confederation. Thus, Rivadavia, Urquiza, and Mitre are considered the first presidents of Argentina by different historians: Rivadavia for being the first one to use the title, Urquiza for being the first one to rule under the 1853 constitution, and Mitre for being the first president of Argentina under its current national limits.[3]

    In 1930, 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966, and 1976, military coups deposed elected presidents. In 1966 and 1976, the federal government was undertaken by a military junta, where power was shared by the chiefs of the armed forces. In 1962, the president of the Senate ruled, but in the other cases, a military chief assumed the title of president.

    It is debatable whether these military presidents can properly be called presidents, as there are issues with the legitimacy of their governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military presidents

    Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri were explicitly not legitimate presidents. They and their immediate successors were denied the right to a presidential pension
    after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain.

    Powers and duties

    The president of the nation has the following powers granted by Constitution (Article 99):

    Features of the office

    Requirements

    Article 89 of the Constitution detail the requirements:

    Article 89. To be elected president or vice president of the Nation, it is necessary to have born in Argentine territory, or be the son of a native citizen, having been born in a country foreign; and the other qualities required to be elected senator

    .

    Article 55. The requirements to be elected senator are: to be thirty years old, to have been a citizen of the Nation for six years, enjoy an annual income of two thousand pesos or an equivalent income, and be a native of the province that chooses it, or with two years of residence immediate in it.

    Sections 94 to 98 detail the electoral requirements. A modified two-round system, or ballotage, is used (Section 94). Unlike in most countries using a two-round system, presidential candidates in Argentina do not need to win a majority of the vote to win the presidency in a single round. To win the election in the first round, the winning candidate's party must receive either more than 45 percent of so-called "positive votes", or votos positivos (Section 97) or at least 40 percent of positive votes and be more than 10 percentage points ahead of the next most-voted candidate (Section 98). Positive votes are valid votes cast for any of the candidates, leaving out of the count blank and spoiled ballots.

    If no candidate obtains the necessary votes to win in the first round, then the two candidates with the most votes compete in the second round, held two weeks later, when the candidate with the most votes in that round is elected president.

    Term duration

    Under the 1994 constitutional amendment, the president serves for four years, with a possibility of immediate

    reelection
    for one more term. A president who has served two consecutive terms may be elected again after an interval of one term. There is no limit on how many times a candidate may seek the presidency if they are unsuccessful. The same rules apply, mutatis mutandis, to the vice presidency of Argentina.

    Under the constitution of 1853, the president served for six years, with no possibility of consecutive reelection. In 1949, the constitution was amended to allow the president to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. This provision was repealed in 1957. After the 1966 military coup d'état, the regime shortened the presidential term to four years. However, political instability led to frequent turnovers in office. With the restoration of democracy in 1983, the term was restored to six years.

    Prior to the 1994 constitutional reform, the president and vice president were required to be Roman Catholics. This stipulation was abolished in 1994.

    Compensation and privileges of office

    Presidential styles of
    Javier Milei
    Reference style
    		Excelentísimo Señor Presidente de la Nación
    "His Most Excellent Mister President of the Nation"
    Spoken stylePresidente de la Nación
    "President of the Nation"
    Alternative styleSeñor Presidente
    "Mister President"

    As of 2015, the president and vice president enjoy a salary paid by the national treasury, which can not be altered during the period of their appointment. During the same period, they may not hold any other office nor receive any other emolument from the nation or from any province. The president's salary is $131,421 Argentine pesos per month.[6]

    The Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires is the official workplace of the president and the Quinta de Olivos their official residence. The president is entitled to use its staff and facilities. It has a summer residence in the town of Chapadmalal, in Buenos Aires Province, which is called the Presidential Unit Chapadmalal. The Presidential Guard is responsible for the security of the entire presidential family.

    To move the president uses aircraft that are part of the Presidential Air Group:

    The main aircraft was a

    NATO alphabet). The 757 entered the service in 1995 replacing the former T-01, a Boeing 707. The aircraft was nicknamed Virgen de Luján after Argentina's patron saint. The Tango 01 757 has been an object of political contention for the last decade (and a political campaign hot-topic during the 1999 presidential election), with many politicians and media commentators[who?] denouncing this aircraft as an unnecessary and expensive luxury prone to abuse by presidents, their families, friends and political allies. The Tango 01 was defunct in 2016 and eventually replaced in 2023 by a Boeing 757-200 in VIP design, designated ARG-01.[citation needed
    ]

    The current presidential fleet also includes two

    Fokker F28 (T-02 and T-03) (one always in service) and Learjet
    60 (T-10). The Learjet is also used by the Air Force chief of staff.

    As

    Bombardier Global 5000.[7]

    De facto governments

    Main articles: Military coups in Argentina and De facto government doctrine

    Following military coups that overthrew the constitutional government were de facto military presidents in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983 that brought in addition to the powers of the president also corresponding to Congress. The subsequent analysis of the validity of their actions led to the subsequent formulation of the doctrine of de facto governments.

    That doctrine was nullified by the constitutional reform of 1994, which added Article 36 (see below).

    Article 29 of the constitution of 1853 had an article that considered the usurpation of public power as 'treason', but was referred to the de jure rulers. For this reason the constitutional reform of 1994 included Article 36 which says:[8]

    "Article 36. This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably null.
    "Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of pardon and commutation of sentences.
    "Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription.
    "All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section.
    "He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offence against the Nation shall also attempt against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law.
    "Congress shall enact a law on public ethics which shall rule the exercise of public office."

    In summary, the article states:

    • Absolute nullity of the acts issued by the government installed by force;
    • The authors shall be punished as traitors;
    • These crimes are barred and the authors can not receive the benefit of the amnesty;
    • Every citizen has the right to resistance against these acts of force.

    Line of succession

    Vice president

    The office of vice president was established by the

    Argentine constitution
    (art. 88) entitles the vice president to exercise the duties of the president, both in the case of a temporary absence and in the case of a permanent absence due to health reasons.

    Further succession

    Main article: Argentine presidential line of succession

    In the absence of both the president and the vice president, the

    Law 20,972 ("Acephaly Law"). It provides that the executive power must be temporarily exercised (without assuming the title of president) by the provisional president of the Senate; in his or her absence, by the president of the Chamber of Deputies; and in the absence of both, by the president of the Supreme Court
    .

    In case of the permanent absence of both the president and the vice president, due to resignation, death, or removal, the Constitution (art. 88) entitles the

    governors, within the following two days of the death or resignation of the former president, and to provide him or her with a mandate to call for elections
    .

    See also

    References

    1. ^ "Tierra del Fuego: denuncian que concejales se fijaron salarios de $2,2 millones". BAE Negocios (in Spanish). 19 January 2024.
    2. ^ "Congreso de la Nación Argentina". www.congreso.gob.ar. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
    3. ^ Mendelevich, p. 24.
    4. ^ Poppe, Patrick (27 January 2018). "Zevende zoon zorgt voor zevende viergeslacht en peterschap van koning Filip: "Ze noemen ons Sneeuwwitje en de zeven dwergen"". GVA (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 April 2022.
    5. ^ "Voici la nouvelle filleule de la reine Mathilde (photos)". RTL Info (in French). 14 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
    6. ^ "El sueldo de Mauricio Macri aumentó un 30%". Perfil (in Spanish). 11 February 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
    7. ^ "Viaje presidencial al G-20: Cristina voló a Seúl en jet privado, los ministros en vuelo de línea". Perfil (in Spanish). 9 November 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
    8. ^ Constitution of the Argentine Nation (PDF) – via biblioteca.jus.gov.ar.

    Works cited

    External links

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