Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve

Coordinates: 50°17′54″N 3°46′35″E / 50.29833°N 3.77639°E / 50.29833; 3.77639
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Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
The pionner wood
Map showing the location of Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve
Map showing the location of Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve
Carrière des Nerviens Reserve
Location in France
LocationBavay, Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Coordinates50°17′54″N 3°46′35″E / 50.29833°N 3.77639°E / 50.29833; 3.77639
Area3.11 hectares (7.7 acres; 0.0120 sq mi)
CreatedMay 25, 2009 (2009-05-25)
OperatorCPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois

The Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve (in French Réserve naturelle régionale de la carrière des Nerviens) is a protected area in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was established on 25 May 2009 to protect a site containing rare plants and covers just over 3 hectares (7.4 acres). It is located in the municipalities of Bavay and Saint-Waast in the Nord department.

The reserve was created to protect fifteen plants of regional interest and three plant communities listed in the Habitats Directive. Its flora are linked to calcium present in marl. It is located in a transition zone between the oceanic and semi-continental climates and that gives increased biodiversity, with typical species of the atlantic areas and others more continental. The reserve also plays a role in a wildlife corridor.

The site consists of an old quarry of

habitats
.

Japanese knot weed. The secondary objectives are environmental education, heritage interpretation, improvement of knowledge fauna and flora, and environmental monitoring
.

Geography

Location

The reserve west of downtown Bavay, south of the highway between Maubeuge in Valenciennes
Position of the site (in red) to the west of downtown Bavay

The Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve is located in the Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe between the cities of Valenciennes and Maubeuge, in the Nord department, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. It is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) west of downtown Bavay and 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) south-east of Saint-Waast.

The reserve is triangular in shape. It is bordered to the south by the 942 main road, north-east by an unused railtrack, and to the west by a small path known as Chemin de Rametz. It covers 3.11 hectares (7.7 acres).[1][Note 1] CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois owns a parcel of land on the other side of the railtrack. Though not yet included in the reserve, it is expected to be added when the current agreement is renewed.[2]

Relief

The reserve is located in the valley of the stream Ruisseau de Bavay, with an elevation of between 110 and 115 metres (361 and 377 ft). It has an overall north-south gradient of −5 metres (−16 ft). A mound of accumulated debris, which rises to about 6 metres (20 ft) above the path Chemin de Rametz, is located north-west of the site. After quarrying operations ceased, the quarry was filled mainly with the marl of the Bellignies quarry.[3] The area has since been completely recolonized by vegetation through ecological succession.

Hydrology

The reserve is located in the valley of the Ruisseau de Bavay, a tributary of the Hogneau, and is part of the greater drainage basin of the Scheldt. The reserve is not in direct contact with the river. It is supplied with water only by precipitation, which is retained by the natural properties of marl.[3]

Climate

The reserve's nearest weather station is at Cambrai, about 42 kilometres away, inland, to the southeast. However, the nature reserve is affected by the nearby presence of the Ardennes Mountains, which gives a continental influence to the climate.

The regular precipitation and the absence of drought,[4] as well as the predominance of south-southwest winds and rain vectors,[5] show the influence of oceanic climate. However, some significant rainfall variability between seasons,[4] the moderate temperature range, and the high proportion (69.8 percent) of low winds (less than 4 metres per second (13 ft/s)) compared to strong winds (3.2 percent over 8 metres per second (26 ft/s)) winds[5] are typical of a continental influence. This combination is atypical of an altered oceanic climate, a transition zone between the oceanic and semi-continental climates, characterized by mild winters and cool summers.[6]

In the reserve, this climatic transition leads to increased biodiversity. For example, common bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) is a typical species of the Atlantic areas,[7] while the common butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is more continental.[8]

History

Old postcard showing the sandstone quarry with its hoist, a chimney reveals the presence of steam to operate the equipment; rock layers are nearly vertical
Postcard of the site c. 1900

Quarry

The site is a former quarry, used for its sandstone deposits as early as the late nineteenth century.[Note 2] by the Chevallier & Cie company, which employed about 70 workers, including 25 miners.[11] In 1909, the annual production was 12,000 cubic metres (420,000 cu ft) of macadam, 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) of ballast and 25,000 cubic metres (880,000 cu ft) of cobblestones.[12]

concrete paver blocks, concrete pipes, etc.[Note 3]

Quarrying ceased in the early 1960s (1962–1965), when the stones extracted were no longer of sufficient quality. Between 1971 and 1978, the quarry was gradually filled with marl from the Bellignies quarry. Since then, the site has been completely recolonized by vegetation through ecological succession, forming tree, shrub and herb layers.

Reserve

Map showing the boundaries of the site, the parcel classified in reserve within the site and other parcel managed by CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois
Physical boundaries of the reserve

In 2001, the site was brought to the attention of the

environmental resources management actions at the site and developed its first environmental management scheme[Note 4][15] In 2009, the association obtained the agreement establishing the regional nature reserve at the site for a period of 20 years.[16]

The name of the reserve recalls the former industrial activity (Carrière: quarry) and the Gallo-Roman history of Bavay, the capital city of the ancient Nervii tribe.[17]

In 2015, another owner give the management of his parcel.

Geology

The Paleozoic folded outcrops of the Bavay-Saint-Waast area are the bedrock of the eastern flank of the Mélantois' anticline, where the transgressive Cretaceous (Turonian and Cenomanian chalk) thins, and may eventually disappear by erosion. Strata of Hercynian basement, raised in the East by an important structural horst-type accident, then appear locally. In these Paleozoic strata, the Devonian presents as a sandstone base of the Lower Famennian, where the levels were quarried[18][Note 5]

Formations

Quarried level

The stone that was quarried is

ripple marks, alternating with levels more or less shaley[22] according to their clay
's content.

At the base of the deposit, these sandstones are reddish brown, very

wind erosion under a semi-arid climate of mountains present in the Netherlands today and extending to Düsseldorf.[19]

Lower level

extinct brachiopod, fossilized
in the reserve.

Under the Famennian, the Frasnian consists, from top to bottom, of nodular gray shale, and mica rich in fossils such as

Atrypa reticularis, Orthis striatula, Productus subaculeatus, and Acervularia pentagona. Below this are gray limestone-built beds, rich in corals such as Phacellophyllum caespitosum, Thamnopora boloniensis, alternating with black shale and nodular limestone containing Cyrtospirifer verneuilli and Phacellophyllum caespitosum. These beds issue from siltation of the biostromes present in the Frasnian epoch, 370 million years ago.[25][26]

Upper levels

Those Famennian strata represent the top of the Paleozoic series pleated with north dipping. Above, the transgressive Upper Cretaceous overlies horizontally with unconformity. It includes from the bottom to the top a paleozoic boulder conglomerate mixed with a sandy and glauconitic marl matrix, coarse clayey and glauconitic sands, containing Chlamys asper, Ostrea diluviana, Praeactinocamax plenus and finally marl with Terebratulina gracilis. These strata belong to the Cenomanian-Turonian and were deposited between 90 and 100 million years ago,[27] during a transgressive phase.[28]

Fifty million years ago, during the

Landenian, forms of marl of the Porquerie are found. It comes from the alteration of Cretaceous rocks and takes the form of a brown or greenish plastic clay without fossils. The flints normally present at the base of the deposit[29] have not been reported by Ladrière 1881
.

This stratum is covered with

wind erosion.[30]

Nature of the embankments

Sarrasin de Bettrechies : a shelly limestone

The stones used to backfill the quarry are those which underlie the Givetian limestone extracted in the Bellignies quarry. There is Sarrasin de Bettrechies, a coarse shelly limestone, deep gray, yellowish when it outcrops, detrital ferruginous dated to the Lower Cenomanian epoch, a hundred million years ago. There is clay and very glauconitic marl of the Upper Cenomanian stage, enriched by a pebble conglomerate paléozoïc stones. These rocks contain Praeactinocamax plenus, Chlamys asper, Ostrea diluviana and radiated fossils: Janira quadricostata, Cyprina ligeriensis, Arca mailleana. There is also bluish marl of the Turonian.[31][32]

Ecology

Plant communities

Map locating the habitats of the reserve: in northern and western boundaries, mature woodland; the rest of the site is occupied by open habitat or pioneer wood; tall-herb fringes with butterbur are located along the path Chemin de Rametz
Map of habitats in the reserve

The site is characterized by a mosaic of 17

wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica) (Sileno dioicae - Myosotidetum sylvaticae) is very rare in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[37] The wood-fringe Lathyro sylvestris – Astragaletum glycyphylli[37] is also regionally interesting.[38]

  • Purple inflorescence Common butterbur whose leaves can measure up to 80 centimeters in diameter
    Common butterbur
  • Scolopendre leaf characteristic because of its fullness
    hart's-tongue fern
  • Pink flower of narrow-leaved everlasting-pea
    narrow-leaved everlasting-pea

Flora

Vascular plants

The reserve has 171 plant species, and 15 of them have heritage interest.[39][Note 8]

Twelve of them were inventoried in 2003,

common butterbur (Petasites hybridus).[51]

Seven plants are protected by a regional scale: common spotted orchid, man orchid, bee orchid, zigzag clover, liquorice milkvetch, narrow-leaved everlasting-pea and wood forget-me-not.[52]

  • Inflorescence of Lizard Orchid, characteristic with its striped labellum and goat-like smell
    Lizard orchid
  • Blue flower of the Wood forget-me-not
    Wood forget-me-not
  • Flower of the bee Ophrys whose labellum, like the abdomen of a female bee, lures the male
    Bee orchid
  • The fruits of Liquorice milkvetch are pods
    Liquorice milkvetch
Stellar calcareous moss

Mosses

In 2012, 43 species of

endangered on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais red regional list of bryophytes.[54]

Mushrooms

Among the 115 species recorded in 2004 on the site,

golden spindles (Clavulinopsis fusiformis), Hebeloma clavulipes,[Note 12] Hebeloma fusipes, Hebeloma pusillum, and also lilac leg fibrecap and burnt knight. Dog stinkhorn (Mutinus caninus) and Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum for their part, were observed in the shaded path north of the site on the edge of mature wood.[56]

Fauna

Mammals

Common mammals found here include the

field vole. Two species of bats frequent the site regularly to hunt: the Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) and common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). They cannot, however, establish their habitat due to the lack of roosting sites in the reserve's young trees.[57]

Birds

Forty-two species of birds have been observed on the site, 25 of which are

Bonn Convention, which aims to conserve migratory species throughout their range.[58] However, no species can be considered as heritage. The northern goshawk and Eurasian sparrowhawk benefit from the abundance of sparrows feeding. The common grasshopper warbler stops there during its migration and the common nightingale nests there occasionally.[59]

Reptiles and amphibians

The

slowworm reproduction (Anguis fragilis) is attested by the observation of young under rocks and other debris.[57]

Invertebrates

Reproduction of

western clubtail ( Gomphus pulchellus), a species present in the Regional Red List of dragonflies North Pas-de-Calais.[61][62]

Twenty-three species of butterflies and 105 species of moth enjoy the floral diversity of the site.[63] The holly blue (Celastrina argiolus) is a heritage species.[41]

Of the nine species of

long-horned groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis) is a pioneer species of poor vegetation settings.[37]

  • Holly blue presents as sexually dimorphic: the male has blue wings, the female brown
    Holly blue
  • Western Clubtail is greenish-yellow streaked with black. Its abdomen is not expanded
    Western clubtail
  • The body of this green Orthoptera measures 12–18 mm while its antennae are four times longer
    Sickle-bearing bush cricket
  • This cricket is 8–10 mm long
    Long-horned groundhopper
The reserve is located between Natura 2000 sites and ecological areas and is an important wildlife corridor, enhanced by the stream Ruisseau de Bavay, and unused railtrack
Integration of the reserve in the wildlife corridor.

The wildlife corridor

To the north are present two sites containing a rich biodiversity: the Natura 2000 Belgian area "Hauts-Pays des Honnelles" and a ZNIEFF[Note 13] "Vallée de l’Hogneau et ses versants et les ruisseaux d’Heugnies et de Bavay". The Bellignies quarry with embankments similar to those which filled "Carrière des Nerviens" is therefore under similar ecological conditions. In the south, the Forêt de Mormal is a major area for biodiversity covered by ZNIEFF and Natura 2000 sites. The railway, unused recently and the stream Ruisseau de Bavay then the river Hogneau provide connection.

Threats and responses

In the past, the site was threatened by garbage dumps or by passage of 4x4 vehicles or quads. The installation of gates by the municipality of Bavay solved the problem.[64] Pedestrians rarely venture off the path. The anthropization is limited. The greatest threats to the species are primary succession[37] and invasive plants.[65]

Primary succession

The marls was colonized by pioneer species, then shrubs and trees, corresponding to a primary succession. Without human intervention, a climax community would be reached. This dynamic may eventually lead to the disappearance of related open environments, particularly heritage species. However woodlands can also play an important role in creating habitat for many species. The management plan is therefore to maintain patch dynamics.[65]

Panorama showing the pioneer woodland on left and the managed grassy open area on right.
Panoramic view of the reserve

Invasive species

Four invasive species are a problem in the reserve.

long-horned groundhopper. Differentiated management is applied depending on the issues. At orchid stations, slight thinning is done early by hand pruning. The less dense areas where the grass is sparse (conducive to the long-horned groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis)) are pulled. In the newly opened areas, a systematic and annual pulling avoids expansion. Finally, dense areas, well exposed, are left in that state.[66]

Many extensive areas of

hart's-tongue fern, colonized by invasive species, are managed by manual removal and disposal for incineration.[67]

The

bramble (Rubus sp.) lie around the ruins and along the south-east of the site near the houses. Due to an interest in preserving wildlife (e.g. refuge for mammals, insects, nesting wrens), they are not eradicated but contained.[67]

Canada golden-rod (Solidago canadensis) appeared in 2003 as a result of plant deposits. The threat proved to be serious the following year. Some stations show a significant concentration of the species, while isolated plants grow everywhere on the site. This plant is easily pulled by hand before flowering to prevent seed dispersal, and the shoots are burned.[68]

Finally,

brownfields, road shoulder ...) or wetlands. In this second case, asters show strong invasive behavior.[69] In the reserve, where the majority of areas are dry, this plant does not present special hazards and removal is managed easily.[68]

  • The large inflorescence of wood small-reed
    Wood small-reed
  • The large leaves and white inflorescence of the Japanese knotweed
    Japanese knotweed
  • Cluster of ripe berries on a bramble stem
    Bramble
  • Canada golden-rod has large yellow inflorescences
    Canada golden-rod

Management

Protection

Parcels of land owned by the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois were classified as a regional nature reserve on 25 May 2009 by decision of the Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[1] The entire site is included in a ZNIEFF type 1[Note 14] Château de Rametz (carrière des Nerviens) and another of type 2[Note 15] Complexe écologique de la forêt de Mormal et des zones bocagères associées.

Management objectives

Volunteers of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois grubbing-up Japanese knotweed along the path
Volunteers grubbing-up Japanese knotweed

The second version of the environmental management scheme covers the period 2007–2012. It presents the knowledge, management, monitoring and vulgarization objectives.[42]

The preservation of the existing diversity was the most important goal.

lesser butterfly-orchid.[72] Pioneer areas with mushrooms should be preserved[73] and the invasive species contained.[74] Artificial infrastructures (ruin, concrete pylons, walls and rock piles) should be utilized for the creation of new habitats.[67]

The education, interpretation and promotion of local heritage missions should also be continued,[75] while the fauna knowledge was to be developed and floristic monitoring provided.[76]

  • Its flowers resemble a human figure. The head is formed by the petals and sepals, and the suspended torso and limbs by the lobes of the labellum.
    Man orchid
  • White little bell-shaped flowers.
    Round-leaved wintergreen
  • Inflorescence is dense pyramid-shaped
    Pyramidal orchid
  • The labellum has purple stripes, the two lateral lobes are remote and shorter than the median lobe.
    Common spotted orchid

Assessment of the activities

Evaluation is in progress. However, a partial analysis is already underway.[77]

Activities carried out

The Bavay's municipality has erected two barriers to prohibit access to motorized vehicles.[78] Volunteers and employees of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois manage the site regularly.[79]

Management of the diversity

Manual removal of the

hart's-tongue fern population.[81]

This graph shows the fall in numbers of man orchid from 2006 to 2012
Evolution of the size of population of man orchid.
The young seedlings of man orchid are protected from rabbits and hares by protective tubes.
Protective device of man orchid seedlings.

From 2007 to 2012, the number of

rodents was established in 2013 and will be evaluated at flowering.[83]

On this site, 171 plant species are surveyed. Given its size and poor soil, this diversity is notable.[84] Management undertaken in recent years has been essential to maintaining open areas, the most threatened by primary succession. Thus, the various vegetation layers (pioneer and mature woodland, bushy areas, open areas) provide a mosaic of habitats, and thus remarkable species.[85]

Improved knowledge of flora and fauna

Besides heritage plants monitoring, an additional inventory of

common wall lizard. Fourteen new plants were also identified.[84] Inventories of bats and mushrooms are being carried out by partners.[86]

Education, interpretation and promotion of local heritage

Some persons observe a protected plant
Guided outing in the site.

participatory management sessions are regularly held with the public[87] or agricultural colleges, including invasive species managing. The heritage interpretation site has yet to be finalized.[88]

New opportunities

Interreg micro projects, established in February 2012, resulted in methodological exchanges on the management of reserves between two Belgian associations Réserves naturelles et ornithologiques de Belgique and Natagora.[89]

A new environmental management scheme is now under consideration.[90]

Bibliography

Studies of the reserve

The following documents are available from the operator: CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois.

  • CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois (2007). Plan de gestion 2007–2012 de la réserve naturelle régionale de la carrière des Nerviens [Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve Environmental Management Scheme 2007–2012] (in French). Gussignies: CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois. p. 141.
  • Haouat, Safia (2013). Proposition d'évaluation du plan de gestion 2008–2012 de la Réserve Naturelle Régionale de la carrière des Nerviens dans le cadre du renouvellement de son plan de gestion [Assessment proposal of Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve Environmental Management Scheme 2008–2012 in the context of its renewal] (in French). Gussignies: CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois. p. 107.
  • Bissey, Virginie (2003). Plan de gestion 2003–2007 de la future réserve naturelle régionale de Rametz [Rametz future Regional Nature Reserve Environmental Management Scheme 2003–2007] (in French). Gussignies: Nord Nature Bavaisis.
  • Julve, Philippe (2003). Étude de la flore et de la végétation de l'ancienne carrière de Rametz [Study of flora and vegetation of the old Rametz quarry] (in French). Gussignies: Nord Nature Bavaisis. p. 23.
  • Lecron, Jean-Michel (2013). Inventaire des Bryophytes de la Réserve naturelle régionale de la Carrière des Nerviens [Inventory of Bryophytes of the Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve] (in French). Bailleul: Conservatoire Botanique National de Bailleul.
  • Lecuru, Christophe; Courtecuisse, Régis (2004). Rapport d'étude mycologique (inventaire et évaluation patrimoniale) sur le bois d'Encade (Gussignies) et la carrière de Rametz [Mycology study report (inventory and heritage evaluation) in the bois d'Encade (Gussignies) and Rametz quarry] (in French). Lille: A.R.U.M. (Association de Recherches Universitaires Multi-disciplinaires), Département de Botanique.

History of quarry and geology

Ecology and management

Other references

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ The Carrière des Nerviens's site is 4.5 hectares (11 acres). But only the property of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois is classified of the regional nature reserve; the parcels belonging to other owners were not classified.
  2. ^ The activity is already attested in 1881: "À 100 mètres du pont du chemin de fer, dans une prairie située en face de l'usine de M. Levent, on exploite les psammites du Condros (...)".[9] However, it seems to be later than 1879 because the same author then wrote: "Le dernier affleurement de psammites visible le long du ruisseau de Bavai, se trouve dans une grande prairie en face de l'usine de M. Levent."[10]
  3. ^ The Association française pour l'avancement des sciences wrote that in the Bavay quarry ""Le travail est le même qu'à Watissart et les matériaux extraits sont identiques et classés de la même façon",[11] the work is the same and extracted materials are identical and classified in the same way as at the Watissart quarry located in Jeumont.[13]
  4. ^ In France, an environmental management scheme is defined by the Code de l'environnement (article R332-43). A scientific council must validate it to obtain or maintain the accreditation.
  5. ^ These quarried rocks are no longer visible on the site, as they were fully covered by embankments.
  6. ^ Some geologists also call those sandstones psammite
  7. ^ The ecological units have been classified by Phytosociology.
  8. ^ The heritage value of the plants is defined by the inventory of the vascular flora of the Nord-Pas de Calais[40]
  9. lizard orchid
    (Himantoglossum hircinum) has not been seen in the reserve since 2003.
  10. ISSN 0181-1584
  11. ^ Trichoglossum hirsutum is vulnerable in the Regional Red List. This species likes moist and mossy grassy places.
  12. ^ Hebeloma clavulipes was identified for the first time in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. It was therefore not included in the Red List of 1997. It is an extomycorhizic species of willows in the reserve.
  13. ^ ZNIEFF is an acronym for Zone Naturelle d'Intérêt Écologique, Faunistique et Floristique, natural area of ecological, faunal and floral interest. The designation of a ZNIEFF is essentially based on the presence of species or groups of species with high heritage value
  14. ^ ZNIEFF type 1, of small size, are environmentally homogeneous spaces and have at least one species and / or rare or threatened habitat of local and regional, national or community interest, or they are spaces of great interest in the functioning of the local ecology.
  15. ^ ZNIEFF type 2 are very rich natural sets, or slightly modified, which provide important biological potential. They may include ZNIEFF type 1 and have a functional role and an ecological and landscape coherence.

References

  1. ^ a b Réserves naturelles de France 2012
  2. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 19
  3. ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 27
  4. ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 18
  5. ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 21
  6. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 22
  7. ^ Rhind 2010
  8. ^ a b European Commission 2013, p. 78
  9. ^ a b c Ladrière 1881, p. 154
  10. ^ a b Ladrière 1879, p. 9.
  11. ^ a b Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, p. 280
  12. ^ Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, p. 281
  13. ^ Association française pour l'avancement des sciences 1909, pp. 277–280
  14. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 12
  15. ^ Bissey 2003
  16. ^ Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2009
  17. ^ Bromwich 2013, p. 39
  18. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 2013
  19. ^ a b Boulvain & Pingot 2011, p. 72
  20. ^ Copper 2010
  21. ^ Luc Van Bellingen 2013
  22. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 8
  23. ^ National Stratigraphic Commission Belgium 2013
  24. ^ Luc Van Bellingen 2013
  25. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, pp. 8–9
  26. ^ Ladrière 1905, p. 260
  27. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, pp. 3–4
  28. ^ Boulvain & Pingot 2011, pp. 125–126
  29. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 3
  30. ^ a b Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 2
  31. ^ Cornet 1899, pp. CCXI–CCXII
  32. ^ Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1972, p. 4
  33. ^ Julve 2003
  34. ^ European Commission 2013, p. 96
  35. ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 50
  36. ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 56
  37. ^ a b c d INPN 2013
  38. ^ Duhamel & Catteau 2010, p. 70
  39. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 35
  40. ^ Toussaint 2011
  41. ^ a b INPN 2013
  42. ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, pp. 92–104
  43. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 33
  44. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 32
  45. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 58
  46. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 60
  47. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 62
  48. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 55
  49. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 68
  50. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 66
  51. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 45
  52. ^ République française 1991
  53. ^ Lecron 2013
  54. ^ Lecron, Toussaint & Hauguel 2013
  55. ^ Lecuru & Courtecuisse 2004
  56. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 71
  57. ^ a b c CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 75
  58. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 73
  59. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 38
  60. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 39
  61. ^ GON, SfO et CFR 2012
  62. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 40
  63. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 39
  64. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 79
  65. ^ a b CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 83
  66. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 95
  67. ^ a b c CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 96
  68. ^ a b c Haouat 2013, p. 52
  69. ^ Muller 2004, pp. 34–37
  70. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 80
  71. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 92
  72. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 93
  73. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, p. 94
  74. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, pp. 95–96
  75. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, pp. 97–99
  76. ^ CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois 2007, pp. 99–100
  77. ^ Haouat 2013, pp. 46–75
  78. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 55
  79. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 59
  80. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 67
  81. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 68
  82. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 72
  83. ^ Haouat 2013, pp. 72–73
  84. ^ a b Haouat 2013, p. 80
  85. ^ Haouat 2013, pp. 80–81
  86. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 74
  87. ^ La Voix du Nord 2010
  88. ^ Haouat 2013, p. 57
  89. ^ Swinnen 2012, pp. 4–5
  90. ^ Haouat 2013
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