Centrin
Caltractin | |||||||
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UniProt Q06827 | | ||||||
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Centrins, also known as caltractins, are a family of
Humans and mice have three centrin genes: Cetn-1, which is typically only expressed in male germ cells, and Cetn-2 and Cetn-3, which are typically only expressed in somatic cells. Centrin-2 is a recombinant GFP-centrin-2 and centriole protein that localizes to centrioles throughout the cell cycle, while centrin-3 seems to stick to the pericentriolar material that surrounds the centrioles.[5]
History
Centrin was first isolated and characterized from the flagellar roots of the green alga
Function
Centrins are required for duplication of centrioles.[3] They may also play a role in severing of microtubules by causing calcium-mediated contraction.[8] It was found that centrin was essential within the calcium channel metabolism and it has a high affinity for calcium and a way lower affinity for phosphorus and other cell mineral constituents.[5] Centrins show calcium-sensitive contractile behavior and was identified before as a calcium sensing regulator of the centriole structure.[9]It is one of the first proteins to localize at sites of newly forming centrioles in semiconservative and novo assembly pathways. In algae, ciliates, and lower land plants failure of centrioles to duplicate is shown when a mutation, deletion, or knockdown of centrin happens by RNAi because centrin is a key factor for the structural integrity of centrioles.[10]
Studies of experimental ablation of centrin synthesis in alga Chlamydomonas cryptogamous water fern Marsilea indicate a key role of centrin having to do with centriole biogenesis.
Centrins facilitated the duplication of centrioles and the severing of microtubules by calcium mediated contraction. The centrin found was highly concentrated outside of the centrosome and a lot of it was found to be non-centrosomal, which assembled during meiosis two.[11] The extra-centrosomal materials function is not yet fully understood by researchers yet but using cross linking found centrin does have an affinity for actin and the terminal portion of the HC. Immunoprecipitation assays are needed in order to confirm this.[5]
Structure
Centrin belongs to the
Centrins contain four helix-loop-helix features specifically made binding with calcium in the transitional region of the axoneme. The axoneme is the bridge between the nucleus and the basal body where the proximal and distal fibers are connecting two basal bodies. Centrin is also present in the set of fiberd that connect the microtubule blades.[5]
Studies of higher eukaryotic cells such as human cells proved that centrins are the universal centrosome protein that occurs in fibers linking centrioles to one another and the distal most core structure called the "transition zone".[10]
See also
References
- ^ "RCSB Protein Data Bank - Structure Summary for 3KF9 - Crystal structure of the SdCen/skMLCK complex".
- ^ S2CID 85374106.
- ^ S2CID 1415623.
- S2CID 1415623.
- ^ a b c d e "Centrin Protein | CETN1 Peptide | CETN2 Antigen | ProSpec". www.prospecbio.com. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
- PMID 6381510.
- PMID 36125182.
- PMID 8674134.
- ISSN 0378-1097.
- ^ S2CID 43032704.
- PMID 30154378.
- PMID 7755988.
- PMID 8801035.