Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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During the
Former president Laurent-Désiré Kabila used children in the Second Congo War from 1996 onwards and it is estimated that up to 10,000 children, some aged only seven years old, served under him.[4]
It has been estimated that the militia led by Thomas Lubanga Dyilo was 30 percent children.[citation needed]
The International Criminal Court (ICC), in the first trials held on human rights violations in the DRC, led to the first indictments, the first trials and the first convictions, in national jurisprudence for the use of children in combat.[5]
Background
It is estimated in the academic literature that up to 300,000 children form a part of both irregular, and regular armed forces worldwide, and that this number is increasing. In Africa it is estimated that up to 120,000 children, which is 40 percent of the worldwide total, are currently used as combatants or support personnel. Africa has the highest growth rate in the use of children in conflict, and on average, the age of those enlisted is also receding.[6] In 2003 it was estimated that up to 30,000 children were used as soldiers in the DRC, with children making up to forty percent of some militias.[7]
In 1989 The United Nations passed the
State reaction
On 19 March 2006, Major Jean-Pierre Biyoyo was sentenced to five years in prison for recruiting and training child soldiers, it was the first time that a court in the DRC had tried, and convicted a soldier for child recruitment.[10]
International reaction
According to
A report by MONUSCO confirmed that all parties to the conflict were recruiting girls as child soldiers, and that these children were frequently raped, or used as
Proceedings of the ICC
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, who was the leader of the UPC, a group that operated in the Ituri region in the Northeast of the DRC, was indicted by the ICC in 2006 on three counts of war crimes, recruitment, conscription, and the use of children under 15 in combat.[15] According to Michael Bochenek, who is the director of Amnesty International's International Law and Policy Program, the "verdict will give pause to those around the world who commit the horrific crime of using and abusing children both on and off the battlefield"[16] Luis Moreno Ocampo has said that the Lubanga was "only the start of cases linked to the years of militia violence in Ituri which has killed thousands and produced more than 600,000 refugees."[17]
References
- ^ Whiteman 2012, p. 80.
- ^ Drumbl 2012, p. 32.
- ^ MONUSCO 2013.
- ^ Singer 2006, p. 21.
- ^ Novogrodsky 2013, p. 368.
- ^ Rakisits 2008, pp. 108–122.
- ^ Wessells 2007, p. 12.
- ^ Esack 2012, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Rosen 2012, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Chikuhwa 2009, p. 48.
- ^ Rosen 2012, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Grover 2012, p. 117.
- ^ Nduwimana, Donatien (2013). "Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Prospects" (PDF). International Peace Support Training Centre (IPSTC). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
- S2CID 143653441.
- ^ Feinstein 2009, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Bochenek 2012.
- ^ Soderlund et al. 2012, p. 105.
- ^ Bouchet-Saulnier 2013, p. 51.
- ^ Katanga 2014.
Bibliography
- Bochenek, Michael (14 March 2012). "Landmark ICC verdict over use of child soldiers". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise (2013). The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law (Third English Language ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442221123.
- Chikuhwa, Tonderai W. (2009). "The Evolution of the United Nations Protection Agenda for Children". In Scott Gates; Simon Reich (eds.). Child Soldiers in the Age of Fractured States. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 37–54. ISBN 978-0822960294.
- ISBN 978-0199592654.
- ISBN 978-1107011144.
- Feinstein, Lee; Lindberg, Tod (2009). Means to an End: U.S. Interest in the International Criminal Court. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0815703259.
- Grover, Sonja C. (2012). Humanity S Children: ICC Jurisprudence and the Failure to Address the Genocidal Forcible Transfer of Children (2013 ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3642325007.
- "DR Congo warlord Germain Katanga found guilty at ICC". BBC. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- "Child recruitment remains 'endemic' in DR Congo, UN says in new report". United Nations. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- Novogrodsky, Noah Benjaman (2013). "After the Horror: Child Soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone". In Charles Chernor Jalloh (ed.). The Sierra Leone Special Court and its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–372. ISBN 978-1107029149.
- Rakisits, Claude (2008). "Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (4): 108–122. .
- Rosen, David M. (2012). Child Soldiers: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598845266.
- Singer, Peter Warren (2006). Children at War. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520248762.
- Soderlund, Walter C.; Briggs, E. Donald; Najem, Tom Pierre; Roberts, Blake C. (2012). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo & the United Nations Response, 1997-2008. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1554588350.
- Wessells, Michael G. (2007). Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023598.
- Whiteman, Shelly L. (2012). "Child Combatants and Peace Processes Challenges of Inclusion and Exclusion". In Rosemary Sheehan; Helen Rhoades; Nicky Stanley (eds.). Vulnerable Children and the Law: International Evidence for Improving Child Welfare, Child Protection and Children's Rights. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 75–124. ISBN 978-1849058681.