Christmas boobook
Christmas boobook | |
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Illustration by Keulemans, 1900 | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Strigiformes |
Family: | Strigidae |
Genus: | Ninox |
Species: | N. natalis
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Binomial name | |
Ninox natalis Lister, 1889
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Synonyms | |
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The Christmas boobook (Ninox natalis), also known more specifically as the Christmas Island hawk-owl,
Closely related to the hawk-owls of genus Ninox, which occur in Southeast Asia and Australia, N. natalis was first classified at species level by J.J.Lister in 1888.[4] It was not until 1998, however, that DNA testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls.[5]
Distribution
Ninox natalis is
The flora and fauna of the island face on-going threats from both human activity and introduced species of plants and animals. In addition to these threats, N. natalis is restricted to a small range on this small island and is consequently listed as
Phosphate mining has continued for over a century and more recently Australian Immigration Detention Facilities have been established increasing the impact from human habitation. However, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service manage 64% of the island as a national park.
Description
The Christmas Island hawk-owl is a small, rufous-brown hawk-owl with a barred breast, dark chestnut facial mask, whitish brow, lores and throat, yellow eyes, legs and feet. It is approximately 26–29 cm in length and 130-190 grams in weight with the female slightly larger than the male.
Its double-noted hoot, boo-book, has a clucking quality with the second note usually lower in pitch. The begging call of juveniles is a high-pitched trill.[6]
Vocalisations are similar to those described for the Australian boobook (Ninox boobook) and include individual variation in advertisement calls. This may be useful in estimating owl densities as radio-tracking can be impractical in some terrains.[7]
Habitat
Its natural
Ninox natalis occupies essentially exclusive territories and is widespread on the island utilizing both primary and disturbed habitats. However, in areas of regrowth significantly fewer birds have been detected.[8] In 1995 there were approximately 560 breeding pairs, but by 2004 the population was estimated to be down to 1000 birds.[6] A more recent estimate in 2011 suggests that the population may, however, be significantly lower than that.[9]
Preferred roost sites are sheltered and concealed positions from which they can easily escape such as in the bottom third of the canopy of trees with deep crowns and mid-level understory but with fewer low understory trees.[10]
Nests have been found in tree hollows predominantly in the canopies of
Diet
Primarily insectivorous they consume medium to large insects, particularly beetles (Coleoptera), tree crickets (Gryllacris rufovaria), moths (Lepidoptera) and introduced cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). They also supplement this with vertebrates such as the Christmas Island white-eye (Zosterops natalis), geckos including the introduced house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus).[10][11]
Threats
Man-made
The yellow crazy ant
While mining has largely ended, various programmes to monitor and control introduced species are on-going.[12][13]
References
- . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ISBN 9780643065116.
- ^ Lister, J.J (1888). "On the natural history of Christmas Island". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1888: 512–531.
- doi:10.1071/MU98028.
- ^ a b c d e "Factsheet: Christmas Boobook Ninox natalis". BirdLife International. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- doi:10.1071/MU98030.
- doi:10.1071/MU98029.
- ^ Low, B.W.; Hamilton, N (2013). "The current status of the threatened Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Australian Field Ornithology. 30 (1): 47–52. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ doi:10.1071/MU98031.
- .
- ISBN 9780643103689.
- ISBN 978-0642550101.
External links
Ninox natalis
(Christmas boobook).
- State of the world's birds (Yellow Crazy Ant)
- Christmas Island feral cat eradication, Australian Government Department of Environment
- Successful domestic cat neutering, Ecological Society of Australia.
- A recording, courtesy of Richard Hill and Owl Pages
- Photos of Christmas Island boobook from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library