City Lament

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A City Lament is a poetic elegy for a lost or fallen city. This literary genre, from around 2000 BCE onwards, was particularly prevalent in the Mesopotamian region of the Ancient Near East.[1] The Bible's Book of Lamentations concerning Jerusalem around 586 BCE, contains some elements of a city lament.[2]

Features

In the five known Mesopotamian City Laments, the lament is written in voice of the city's

tutelary goddess.[citation needed
]

The destruction of the city, the mass killing of its inhabitants, and the loss of its central temple are vividly described. Special attention is given to the divine sphere, where the gods order the destruction of the city, the city patron gods implore against this, but in vain. The patron gods are exiled to live as deportees in foreign cites, lamenting their devastated shrine. Subsequently, they return from exile and renew their former existence.[3]

Mesopotamia

The

Elamites and the end of the city's third dynasty
around 2000 BCE.

The Lament for Sumer and Ur concerns the events of 2004 BCE, during the last year of King Ibbi-Sin's reign, when Ur fell to an army from the east.[4]: 1  The Sumerians decided that such a catastrophic event could only be explained through divine intervention and wrote in the lament that the gods, "An, Enlil, Enki and Ninmah decided [Ur's] fate".[5]: 117 

The Lament for Eridu. Unlike Ur or Akkad we don't have a good idea of how Eridu actually fell, or when other than in the Early Dynastic period. The Sumerian King List simply says "Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira".[6][7][8] This lament also describes how the loss of favor with the gods led to its fall.

There was also a Lament for Uruk and a Lament for Nippur.[9][10]

The literary works of the Sumerians were widely translated by, for example, the

Hebrew texts "were profoundly influenced by them."[11] Contemporary scholars have drawn parallels between the lament and passages from the Bible (e.g. "the Lord departed from his temple and stood on the mountain east of Jerusalem (Ezekiel 10:18-19)."[5]
: 118 

Hebrew Bible

In the Jewish tradition, this genre also appears over a millennium later in the Hebrew Bible, particularly in reference to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in the sixth century BCE.[1] The similarities are, however, of motif rather than of form; in other respects, the Hebrew genre is quite different from its Sumerian predecessors.[12]

Lamentations

The Book of Lamentations shares some motifs with earlier Mesopotamian laments.[2] Whereas the Mesopotamian laments are in the voice of the city's tutelary goddess, Lamentations, with its monotheistic background, is instead tenderly addressed as "Daughter Jerusalem" and "Daughter Zion".[13]: 317 [14]

Like its Mesopotamian predecessors, it personifies the city, grieves over its destruction by God, and prays that calamity will overtake its destroyers. Unlike them, God does not weep over the destroyed sanctuary, nor does it portray a rebuilding, nor give praise for such a prospect.[15]: 45 

Other occurrences

Much of the postexilic scroll of Isaiah concerns the destroyed and restored city of Jerusalem.

Laments can also be found in the Book of Jeremiah, the Book of Ezekiel and Psalm 137.[16]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1501730535
    .
  2. ^ a b Hayes 1998, p. 168.
  3. ^ Samet, Nili. "The Sumerian City Laments and the Book of Lamentations: A Comparative Theological View". The Torah.com. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  4. Michalowski, Piotr
    (1989). The lamentation over the destruction of Sumer and Ur.
  5. ^ a b Niehaus, Jeffrey Jay (2008). Ancient Near Eastern Themes in Biblical Theology.
  6. S2CID 163785116
    .
  7. ^ Green, M. W., "The Eridu Lament.", JCS 30: pp. 127–67, 1978
  8. ^ Ilan Peled. “A NEW MANUSCRIPT OF THE LAMENT FOR ERIDU.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 67, 2015, pp. 39–43, https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.67.2015.0039
  9. ^ Green, M. W. “The Uruk Lament.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 104, no. 2, 1984, pp. 253–79. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/602171
  10. ^ Tinney, Steve. The Nippur lament: royal rhetoric and divine legitimation in the reign of Išme-Dagan of Isin (1953-1935 BC). University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1996
  11. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah. "The Sumerians: Their history, culture and character" (PDF). p. 196. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  12. ISBN 978-1349297504
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1599820507
    .
  14. ^ Adelman, Rachel (2021). "Daughter Zion (Bat Tzion)". The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  15. ISBN 978-0-8028-2542-1
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-8091-4435-8
    . Retrieved 4 June 2011.

Bibliography
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