Clément Ader

Clément Ader (2 April 1841 – 3 May 1925)^[1][2] was a French inventor and engineer who was born near Toulouse in Muret, Haute-Garonne, and died in Toulouse. He is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation. In 1870 he was also one of the pioneers in the sport of cycling in France.^[3]

Electrical and mechanical inventions

Ader was an innovator in electrical and mechanical engineering. He originally studied electrical engineering, and in 1878 improved on the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell. After this he established the telephone network in Paris in 1880. In 1881, he invented the théâtrophone, a system of telephonic transmission where listeners received a separate channel for each ear, enabling stereophonic perception of the actors on a set; it was this invention which gave the first stereo transmission of opera performances, over a distance of 2 miles (3 km) in 1881.^[4] In 1903, he devised a V8 engine for the Paris–Madrid race, but although three or four were produced, none was sold.^[5]

Aircraft prototypes

Following his work with V8 engines, Ader turned to the problem of mechanical flight and until the end of his life gave much time and money to this. Using the studies of Louis Pierre Mouillard (1834–1897) on the flight of birds, he constructed his first flying machine in 1886, the Ader Éole. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight steam engine of his own invention, with 4 cylinders with a power rating of 20 hp (15 kW), driving a four-blade propeller. The engine weighed 51 kg (112 lb).^[6] The wings had a span of 14 m (46 ft). All-up weight was 300 kg (660 lb). On 9 October 1890 Ader attempted to fly the Éole. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled flight in ground effect of approximately 50 m (160 ft) at a height of approximately 20 centimetres (8 in).^{[7][8][9][10]} Ader also claimed credit for getting off the ground in the Éole.^[11]

Ader began construction of a second aircraft he called the

Avion II, also referred to as the Zephyr or Éole II. Most sources agree that work on this aircraft was never completed, and it was abandoned in favour of the Avion III. Ader's later claim that he flew the Avion II in August 1892 for a distance of 100 m (330 ft) in Satory near Paris,^[12] was never widely accepted.^[8]

An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field.

— Clément Ader, L'Aviation Militaire, 1909

Influence

Avion III is still displayed at the Musée des Arts et Métiers

in Paris.

Ader is still admired for his early powered flight efforts, and his aircraft gave the French language the word avion for a heavier-than-air aircraft. In 1938, France issued a postage stamp honoring him. Airbus named one of its aircraft assembly sites in Toulouse after him. Clément Ader has been referred to as "the father of aviation".^[15][16]

See also

• Early flying machines

Notes

1. ^ Zahm, Albert Francis (1950). Aeronautical Papers, 1885-1945. University of Notre Dame. p. 994. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
2. ^ "Les Obsèques de Clément Ader". l'Aérophile: 301. 1 May 1925.
3. ISBN 978-0-262-32222-5
   .
4. ISBN 978-0-415-21603-6
   .
5. ^ G. N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
6. ^ Crouch, Tom D. "Ader Éole". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
7. ^ Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (3 April 1959). "Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs". Flight. 75 (2619): 468. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
8. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopædia Britannica: Clément Ader
9. ^ Carroll Gray, "Clement Ader 1841–1925"
10. ^ "European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
11. ^ La première étape de l'aviation militaire en France Bibliothèque numérique en histoire des sciences et des techniques. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
12. ^ Gibbs-Smith2003 p.75
13. ^ Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 75.
14. ^ "Sandcastle V.I. - Carriers: Airpower at Sea - The Early Years / Part 2". www.sandcastlevi.com. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
15. JSTOR 1648968
    .
16. JSTOR 40067638
    .

Further reading

• Lissarague, Pierre, Ader, Inventor of Aeroplanes. Toulouse, France: Editions Privat, 1990
• Lissarague, Pierre, Pegasus,the magazine of Musee de l'Air, Nos. 52, 56, 58, . (Articles on restoration of Ader's Aeroplane 3 and on the testing of engines and propellers.)
• Pierre Lissarague and J. Forestier, Icarus an article on restoration of Ader's Avion 3, No. 134 (October 1990).
• Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (1968). A inventor: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History. Aeronautical engineers. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 214.
• Gibbs-Smith C.H., Aviation: An Historical Survey. London, NMSI, 2008.
  ISBN 1-900747-52-9

External links

Media related to Clément Ader at Wikimedia Commons

• Works by or about Clément Ader at Internet Archive
• Clement Ader
• Clement Ader's flying machines
• Clement Ader's first flight in 1879 ?