Continuous phase modulation
Passband modulation |
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Analog modulation |
Digital modulation |
Hierarchical modulation |
Spread spectrum |
See also |
Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a method for
Phase memory
Each symbol is modulated by gradually changing the phase of the carrier from the starting value to the final value, over the symbol duration. The modulation and demodulation of CPM is complicated by the fact that the initial phase of each symbol is determined by the cumulative total phase of all previous transmitted symbols, which is known as the phase memory. Therefore, the optimal receiver cannot make decisions on any isolated symbol without taking the entire sequence of transmitted symbols into account. This requires a
Phase trajectory
Partial response CPM
Partial-response signaling, such as duo-binary signaling, is a form of intentional ISI where a certain number of adjacent symbols interfere with each symbol in a controlled manner. A MLSE must be used to optimally demodulate any signal in the presence of ISI. Whenever the amount of ISI is known, such as with any partial-response signaling scheme, MLSE can be used to determine the exact symbol sequence (in the absence of noise). Since the optimal demodulation of full-response CPM already requires MLSE detection, using partial-response signaling requires little additional complexity, but can afford a comparatively smoother phase trajectory, and thus, even greater spectral efficiency. One extremely popular form of partial-response CPM is
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) is a commonly used variation of
As the name suggests, the phase of a CPFSK is in fact continuous; this attribute is desirable for signals that are to be transmitted over a
Theory
If a finitely valued digital signal to be transmitted (the message) is m(t), then the corresponding CPFSK signal is
where Ac represents the amplitude of the CPFSK signal, fc is the base
Note that this does not mean that m(t) must be continuous; in fact, most ideal digital data waveforms contain discontinuities. However, even a discontinuous message signal will generate a proper CPFSK signal.
See also
- Minimum-shift keying (MSK)
References
Notation for the CPFSK waveform was taken from:
- Leon W. Couch II, "Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 6th Edition", Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-13-081223-4
- [1] S. Cheng, R. Iyer Sehshadri, M.C. Valenti, and D. Torrieri, The capacity of noncoherent continuous-phase frequency shift keying, in Proc. Conf. on Info. Sci. and Sys (CISS), (Baltimore, MD), Mar. 2007.
- CPM minimum distance calculator (MLSE/MLSD bound)