Council of Ministers of Russia

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The Russian Council of Ministers is an executive governmental council that brings together the principal officers of the Executive Branch of the

Russian government
. This includes the chairman of the government and ministers of federal government departments.

Imperial Russia

Committee of Ministers

The Ministries and the Committee of Ministers (Комитет Министров) were created in the early 19th century as part of the Government reform of Alexander I. The committee was an advisory board for the Emperor but could only consider matters referred to it by the monarch or when details for implementation of policy were brought to it by ministers. However, the committee had little collective power and did not make decisions, just recommendations. When the monarch presided personally over Committee meetings it was referred to as a council as the monarch had decision/policy making authority that the committee did not possess.

Chairmen of the committee of Ministers (de facto), 1802 – 1810

  • Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov
    (1802–1804) as Imperial Chancellor and Foreign Minister
  • Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1804–1806) as Foreign Minister
  • Andreas Eberhard von Budberg (1806–1807) as Foreign Minister
  • Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev
    (1807–1810) as Foreign Minister

Chairmen of the committee of Ministers, 1810 – 1905

Council of Ministers

After

Prime Minister
(head) of the government. As a result, from 1905 to 1917 the Council of Ministers collectively decided the government's policy, tactical direction, and served as a buffer between the Emperor and the national legislature.

The meetings of the council were in two parts, "official and secret". The first followed a printed agenda; the second was devoted to the discussion of confidential questions, basic issues of policy and so forth.[1]

  • Sergei Yulyevich Witte
    (1905–1906)
  • Ivan Logginovich Goremykin
    (1906)
  • Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
    (1906–1911)
  • Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov
    (1911–1914)
  • Ivan Logginovich Goremykin
    (1914–1916)
  • Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer
    (1916)
  • Alexander Fyodorovich Trepov
    (1916)
  • Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn
    (1916–1917)

Nicholas's hostility to

parliamentarism emerged at the very beginning of his reign in 1894; to him, it would cause Russia to disintegrate.[2] According to S. Kulikov: "Nicholas was pursuing the entirely specific idea of gradually replacing absolutism with dualism, rather than with parliamentarism".[2] On July 1, 1914, the Tsar suggested that the Duma – half of the deputies were nobles – should be reduced to merely a consultative body. On 24 August 1915 the Progressive Bloc, including the entire membership of the Duma, except the extreme right and the extreme left, was formed.[3] It had the support of the press, the public opinion and, to a considerable extent, most of the Council of Ministers as well.[4] The deputies tried to bring the Council "uninterested in reform"[5] under control of the Duma,[6] but their demands for a "ministry of confidence" were not received by the Tsar.[7]

In late 1915, there was a shortage of food and of coal in the big cities; Alexander Trepov was appointed as crisis manager in the Minister of Railways. Five key ministries would gather on a more regular basis to solve the transport question.[8] In November 1915 Rasputin told Goremykin (or the obstinate Tsar) it was not right not to convene the Duma as all were trying to cooperate; one must show them a little confidence.[9] In January 1916, Rasputin was opposed to the plan to send the old Goremykin away,[10] who had persuaded the Tsar to reject the proposals of the Progressive Bloc for a government of confidence.

On 20 January 1916

Taurida Palace, suggesting he was willing to work with the legislature. According to Milyukov Stürmer would keep his further dealings with the Duma to a minimum.[12]

Boris Stürmer was also appointed on the Ministry of Interior, the most powerful of all, which had under its control governors, police, and a

Victor Chernov, the campaign of the party of the Empress and Rasputin was waged steadily against the eight ministers who "had resisted the removal of the commander in chief (Grand Duke Nikolai), and one after the other they were discharged".[14]

Early July, Aleksandr Khvostov, Alexei's uncle, not in good health, was appointed as Minister of the Interior and Makarov as Minister of Justice. Foreign Minister Sazonov, decisive when the war started, pleaded for an independent and autonomous Russian Poland. He was demoted on 10 July and the office given to Stürmer. On 21 July, the minister of agriculture Naumov refused to participate any longer in the government. According to Vladimir Gurko, the Council of Ministers as a whole declined continually in importance.

Around 6 September, Alexander Protopopov had been invited as Minister of the Interior. Placing the vice-president of the Duma in a key post might improve the relations between the Duma and the throne.[15][16] Protopopov made himself ludicrious when he expressed his loyalty to the Imperial couple, and his contacts on peace and credit in Stockholm (without being authorized) became a scandal.[note 1] When Protopopov raised the question of transferring the food supply from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of the Interior, a majority of the zemstvo leaders announced that they would not work with his ministry. His food plan was universally condemned by the Council of Ministers.[10]

Soviet Russia

Main article: Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The

1977 Soviet Constitution
, and was not abolished until 1990.

Russian Federation

Main article: Government of Russia

After the fall of the

2004 reform
, Government duties were split between 17 Ministries, 7 Federal Services and over 30 governmental Agencies.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Russia and confirmed by the State Duma. The chairman is second in line to succeed to the Presidency of Russia if the current President dies, is incapacitated or resigns.

See also

Notes

  1. Knut Wallenberg, the Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs,[18] Hellmuth Lucius von Stoedten, the former German ambassador to Russia, then in Sweden, and Fritz M. Warburg, a banker and member of the Warburg family on 23 June.[19][20][21][22] Protopopov was extremely open about his attempt. According to Chernov: "The Warburg interview opened up a career for Protopopov and made him acceptable as minister. Above all, it won him the favour of Rasputin and the Empress."[23]
    It seems that Berlin did not take such meetings seriously: seen the identity of the members, and the lack of any clear authority.

References

  1. ^ M. Cherniasvsky (1967) Prologue to Revolution, p. 3
  2. ^ a b Sergei V. Kulikov (2012) Emperor Nicholas II and the State Duma Unknown Plans and Missed Opportunities, p. 48-49. In: Russian Studies in History, vol. 50, no. 4
  3. ^ Figes, pp. 270, 275.
  4. ^ D.C.B. Lieven (1983) Russia and the Origins of the First World War, p. 56
  5. ^ Porter, T. (2003). Russian History, 30(3), 348-350. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24660814
  6. ^ Antrick, p. 79, 117.
  7. ^ P.N. Milyukov (1921) The Russian Revolution. Vol I: The Revolution divided, p. 15
  8. ^ The PENULTIMATE PRIME Minister of the RUSSIAN EMPIRE A. F. TREPOV by FEDOR ALEKSANDROVICH GAIDA (2012)
  9. ^ The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra. April 1914-March 1917, p. 317. By Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ed.; Smith, p. 485.
  10. ^
    ISBN 1443730297
    .
  11. ^ "Boris Sturmer : Biography". www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  12. ^ a b P.N. Milyukov (1921), p. 16
  13. ^ Peeling, Siobhan: Shti︠u︡rmer, Boris Vladimirovich, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-12-16. DOI: [1].
  14. ^ V. Chernov, p. 21
  15. ^ The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra. April 1914-March 1917, p. 5. by Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ed.
  16. ^ P.N. Milyukov (1921), p. 19
  17. ^ Moe, p. 438.
  18. ISBN 1135506949
  19. ^ Der Zar, Rasputin und die Juden, p. 39
  20. ^ Moe, p. 471.
  21. ^ George Buchanan (1923) My mission to Russia and other diplomatic memories [2]
  22. ISBN 9004261621
  23. ^ THE GREAT RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BY VICTOR CHERNOV, p. 20
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