Cryoseism

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"ice quake" redirects here. For the 2010 film, see Ice Quake (film). For the 2010 novel, see Ice Quake (novel).

A cryoseism, ice quake or frost quake,

stress on its surroundings. This stress builds up until relieved explosively in the form of a cryoseism.[1][7]
The requirements for a cryoseism to occur are numerous;
global warming and the frequency of cryoseisms.[8]

Effects

Cryoseisms are often mistaken for minor

Modified Mercalli Scale.[5] Furthermore, cryoseisms often exhibit high intensity in a very localized area,[4] in the immediate proximity of the epicenter,[9] as compared to the widespread effects of an earthquake.[5] Due to lower-frequency vibrations of cryoseisms,[10] some seismic monitoring stations may not record their occurrence.[9] Cryoseisms release less energy than most tectonic events.[11] Since cryoseisms occur at the ground surface they can cause effects right at the site, enough to jar people awake.[4]

Some reports have indicated the presence of "distant flashing lights" before or during a cryoseism, possibly because of

displacement possible.[5]

Occurrences

Glacial cryoseisms

A glacial cryoseism or glacial ice quake is a non-tectonic seismic event of the glacial cryosphere. A large variety of seismogenic glacial processes arising from internal, ocean calving, or basal processes have been identified and studied.[12][13] Very large calving events in Greenland and Antarctica have been observed to generate seismic events of magnitude 5 or larger.[14] Extremely large icebergs can also generate seismic signals that are observable at distances up to thousands of kilometers when they collide or grind across the ocean floor.[15] Basal glacial motion be enhanced due to water accumulation underneath a glacier sourced from surface or basal ice melt. Hydraulic pressure of subglacial water can reduce the friction at the bed, allowing the glacier to suddenly shift and generate seismic waves.[10][16] This type of cryoseism can be very brief, or may last for many minutes.[8]

Location

United States

US States with reported cryoseisms.

Geocryological processes were identified as a possible cause of tremors as early as 1818.[1][5] In the United States, such events have been reported throughout the Midwestern, Northern and Northeastern United States.[1][7][17]

Canada

Cryoseisms also occur in Canada,

Maritime Provinces.[18][20][21]

Other places

Glacier-related cryoseism phenomena have been reported in Alaska,[22] Greenland,[23] Iceland (Grímsvötn),[24] Finland,[25] Ross Island,[11] and the Antarctic Prince Charles Mountains.[26]

Precursors

There are four main precursors for a frost quake cryoseism event to occur:[1][2]

  1. A region must be susceptible to cold air masses
  2. The ground must undergo saturation from thaw or liquid precipitation prior to an intruding cold air mass
  3. Most frost quakes are associated with minor snow cover on the ground without a significant amount of snow to insulate the ground (i.e., less than 6 inches (15 cm))
  4. A rapid temperature drop from approximately freezing to near or below −18 °C (0 °F), which ordinarily occurred on a timescale of 16 to 48 hours.[1]

Cryoseisms typically occur when temperatures rapidly decrease from above freezing to

permeable materials like sand or gravel, which are susceptible to frost action, are likelier candidates for cryoseisms.[5] Following large cryoseisms, little to no seismic activity will be detected for several hours, indicating that accumulated stress has been relieved.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^
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  2. ^
    ISBN 978-3-319-51628-8
    , retrieved 2024-01-19
  3. ^ "Milwaukee Area Frostquakes". University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. 1994-02-24. Archived from the original on 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Cryoseisms in Maine". Maine Geological Survey. 2005-10-06. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  5. ^
    doi:10.1785/gssrl.51.1.15. Archived from the original
    on 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  6. ^ Kavanaugh, Jeffrey; Schultz, Ryan; Andriashek, Laurence D.; van der Baan, Mirko; Ghofrani, Hadi; Atkinson, Gail; Utting, Daniel J. (2019). "A New Year's Day icebreaker: icequakes on lakes in Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (2): 183–200.
    ISSN 0008-4077
    .
  7. ^ a b c d Thurlow, Dave. "Cryoseisms Explained". The Weather Notebook. Mount Washington Observatory. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  8. ^ a b Irvine, Tom (June 2006). "Ice Quakes" (PDF). Vibrationdata Newsletter. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  9. ^ a b c d e Ebel, John E.; Bedell, Richard; Urzua, Alfredo (July 1995). A Report on the Seismic Vulnerability of the State of Vermont (PDF) (Report). Vermont Emergency Management Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  10. ^ a b c Orem, William (2004-09-14). "Ice Quake!". A Moment of Science. Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  11. ^ a b "Erebus Icequakes". Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory. Archived from the original on 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
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  14. ISSN 0084-6597
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  15. ^ Martin, Seelye; Drucker, Robert; Aster, Richard; Davey, Fred; Okal, Emile; Scambos, Ted; MacAyeal, Douglas (2010). "Kinematic and seismic analysis of giant tabular iceberg breakup at Cape Adare, Antarctica". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 115 (B6).
    ISSN 0148-0227
    .
  16. ^ Tognetti, Sylvia S. (2006-03-27). "Climate and economic models". The Post-Normal Times. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  17. ^ Tuohy, John (31 Jan 2019). "Ground-shaking frost quakes: They're Indiana's latest polar vortex phenomenon". Indianapolis Star.
  18. ^ a b "'Frost quakes' wake Toronto residents on cold night". CBC News. 2014-01-03. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15.
  19. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Earthquakes (FAQ)". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2019-01-05.
  20. doi:10.1785/gssrl.75.3.419
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  21. ^ Lawrence, Erin (2014-03-10). "Possible epicenter of frost quake found in northwest schoolyard". CTV News Calgary. Archived from the original on 2017-07-26.
  22. ^ "Alaska Glacier Tours – Know What To Look For". Alaska.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  23. ^ Гренландские ледники трещат по швам. Bigli Facts (in Russian). Bigli Web. Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  24. ThinkQuest Library. Archived from the original
    on 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  25. ^ "New Data Helps Researchers Demystify 'Frost Quakes'". Inside Science. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  26. ^ Johnston, Nicole (2002-11-29). "Surveying the Icy Peaks". Antarctic Summer. ABC News. Archived from the original on November 19, 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  27. ^ a b Willis, D. E.; Taylor, R. W.; LeNoble, M.; Yellin, S. (October 1979). "Icequake Precursors". 51st Annual Meeting of the Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America. Dept of Geological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 1999-09-21. Retrieved 2006-11-16.

External links

Look up cryoseism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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