Digital geological mapping

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Screenshot of a structure map generated by geological mapping software for an 8500 ft deep gas and oil reservoir in the Erath field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a Fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone.

Digital geological mapping is the process by which geological features are observed, analyzed, and recorded in the field and displayed in real-time on a computer or personal digital assistant (PDA). The primary function of this emerging technology is to produce spatially referenced geological maps that can be utilized and updated while conducting field work.[1]

Traditional geological mapping

Geological mapping is an interpretive process involving multiple types of information, from analytical data to personal observation, all synthesized and recorded by the geologist. Geologic observations have traditionally been recorded on paper, whether on standardized note cards, in a notebook, or on a map.[2]

Mapping in the digital era

In the 21st century, computer technology and software are becoming portable and powerful enough to take on some of the more mundane tasks a geologist must perform

annotating photographs on the spot.[3]

observations and basic data management changes dramatically. The use of digital mapping also affects when data analysis occurs in the mapping process, but does not greatly affect the process itself.[5]

Advantages

Disadvantages

Educational and scientific uses

Some universities and secondary educators are integrating digital geological mapping into class work.[7] For example, The GeoPad project [1] describes the combination of technology, teaching field geology, and geological mapping in programs such as Bowling Green State University’s geology field camp.[2] At Urbino University (Italy) it:Università di Urbino, Field Digital Mapping Techniques are integrated in Earth and Environmental Sciences courses since 2006 [3] [4]. The MapTeach program is designed to provide hands-on digital mapping for middle and high school students.[5] Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine The SPLINT [6] project in the UK is using the BGS field mapping system as part of their teaching curriculum

Digital mapping technology can be applied to traditional geological mapping,

geothermal springs[8] and mine sites.[9]

Equipment

The initial cost of digital geologic computing and supporting equipment may be significant. In addition, equipment and software must be replaced occasionally due to damage, loss, and obsolescence. Products moving through the market are quickly discontinued as technology and consumer interests evolve. A product that works well for digital mapping may not be available for purchase the following year; however, testing multiple brands and generations of equipment and software is prohibitively expensive.[5]

Common essential features

Some features of digital mapping equipment are common to both survey or reconnaissance mapping and “traditional” comprehensive mapping. The capture of less data-intensive reconnaissance mapping or survey data in the field can be accomplished by less robust databases and GIS programs, and hardware with a smaller screen size.[10] [11]

  • Devices and software are intuitive to learn and easy to use
  • ingress protection ratings
  • Waterproof
  • Screen is easy to read in bright sunlight and on gray sky days
  • Removable static
    memory cards
    can be used to back up data
  • Memory on board is recoverable
  • Real-time and
    GPS
    locations
  • Portable battery with at least 9 hours of life at near constant use
  • Can change batteries in the field
  • Batteries should have no “
    NiCd
  • Chargeable by unconventional power sources (generators, solar, etc.)
  • Wireless real-time link to GPS or built-in GPS
  • Wireless real-time link from computer to camera and other
    peripherals
  • USB port
    (s)

Features essential to capture traditional geologic observations

Hardware and software only recently (in 2000) became available that can satisfy most of the criteria necessary for digitally capturing "traditional" mapping data.

  • Screen about 5 in × 7 in (130 mm × 180 mm)—compact but large enough to see map features. In 2009, some traditional mapping is conducted on PDAs.
  • Lightweight—ideally less than 3 lbs.
  • Transcription to digital text from handwriting and voice recognition.
  • Can store paragraphs of data (text fields).
  • Can store complex relational database with drop-down lists.
  • Operating system and hardware are compatible with a robust
    GIS
    program.
  • At least 512 MB memory.

Technology

History

Year(s) available Field system name Base software Hardware used Reference
1989–1992 MERLIN BGS Custom EPSON EHT400E Handheld computer
1991-1999? FIELDLOG AutoCAD, Fieldworker Apple Newton PDA [12]

[13]

1998–2000 G-Map Esri Arc-View PC & Web Based Eni-Temars
2000–Present GeoEditor Esri Arc-View PC [14]
2001?–2002? GeoLink Geolink unknown [11]
2002–2010 MIDAS ESRI's ArcPAD and BGS bespoke database iPAQ PDAs [15]
2002–Present Geopad ESRI's ArcGIS, Microsoft OneNote, etc. Rugged Tablet PCs and Tablet PCs [16]
2004–Present Geomapper ESRI's ArcGIS Rugged Tablet PCs and Tablet PCs [14]
2004–2008 Map IT (not longer available) Map IT Ruggedized Tablet PC [17]

[18] [8]

[19]

2006–2008 Geologic Data Assistant (GDA) customized ArcPad 6.0.3 (
ESRI
)
Ruggedized PDA [20]
2001–2010 ArcPad
ESRI
's ArcPad
Ruggedized PDA or Tablet PC [11]
2002?–2010 GeoMapper PenMap [9] Ruggedized PDA or Tablet PC

[21]

[22]

2006?–2010 SAIC GeoRover Extension for
ESRI's ArcGIS
Ruggedized PDA or Tablet PC [10]
2003–2010 GAFAG GeoRover (name protected in Europe) Mobile geological information system Ruggedized PDA, Tablet PC, Desktop PC, Laptop [11]
2000?–2010 BGS-SIGMAmobile [12] Customized
MS Access
, InfiNotes
Ruggedized Tablet PC [13]

[23]

2008–Present BeeGIS Built on top of uDig [14] Tablet PC (ruggized or not), Desktop PC, Laptop (Win, Mac or Linux Systems) [15]

[24]

2011–Present FieldMove [16] Midland Valley's Move Tablet PC (ruggized or not), Desktop PC, Laptop (Windows XP or later)

[25]

??-Present QField QGIS Tablet or Smartphone https://qfield.org/
?? - Present Mergin Maps QGIS Tablet, Smartphone, Desktop PC, Laptop https://merginmaps.com/
?? - Present Touch GIS Touch GIS Tablet, Smartphone https://touchgis.app/

Software

Since every geological mapping project covers an area with unique

lithologies and complexities, and every geologist has a unique style of mapping, no software is perfect for digital geological mapping out of the box. The geologist can choose to either modify their mapping style to the available software, or modify the software to their mapping style, which may require extensive programming. As of 2009, available geological mapping software requires some degree of customization for a given geological mapping project. Some digital-mapping geologists/programmers have chosen to highly customize or extend ESRI's ArcGIS instead. At digital field data capture meetings such as at the British Geological Survey in 2002 [17]
some organisations agreed to share development experiences, and some software systems are now available to download for free.

References

  1. ^ Kramer, John (2000). "Digital Mapping Systems for Field Data Collection". Digital Mapping Techniques '00 -- Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 00-325.
  2. ISBN 978-0-470-84986-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  3. ^ Sprinkel, Douglas; Brown, Kent (2008), "Using digital technology in the field" (PDF), Survey Notes, 40 (1): 1–2
  4. S2CID 46371739
  5. ^ a b Athey, Jennifer; Freeman, Lawrence; Woods, Kenneth (2008), "The transition from traditional to digital mapping: Maintaining data quality while increasing geologic mapping efficiency in Alaska", Newsletter 2008-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, pp. 1–12
  6. .
  7. ^ Coolbaugh, Mark; Sladek, Chris; Kratt, Chris; Edmondo, Gary (Aug 29 – Sep 1, 2004), "Digital mapping of structurally controlled geothermal features with GPS units and pocket computers" (PDF), Proceedings, Annual Meeting of Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, vol. 28, Palm Springs, CA, pp. 321–325, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-28
  8. ^ a b c Edmondo, Gary (2002). "Field Digital geologic field mapping using ArcPad". Digital Mapping Techniques '02 -- Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 129–134. Open-File Report 02-370.
  9. ^ Brodaric, Boyan (1997). "Field data capture and manipulation using GSC FIELDLOG v3.0". Digital Mapping Techniques '97. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 77–81. Open-File Report 97-269.
  10. .
  11. ^ a b Walker, J.D., and Black, R.A, 2000, Mapping the outcrop: Geotimes, vol. 45, no. 11, p. 28-31. "Digital Field Mapping, Department of Geology, University of Kansas". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
  12. ^ Jordan CJ, Bee EJ, Smith NA, Lawley RS, Ford J, Howard AS, Laxton JL (2005). "The development of Digital Field Data Collection systems to fulfil the British Geological Survey mapping requirements". GIS and Spatial Analysis : Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology. Vol. 2. Toronto. pp. 886–891.
  13. ^ Knoop, Peter A.; van der Pluijm, Ben (2006). "GeoPad: Tablet PC-enabled Field Science Education." (PDF). In Berque, Dave; Prey, Jane; Reed, Rob (eds.). The Impact of Pen-based Technology of Education: Vignettes, Evaluations, and Future Directions. Purdue University Press.
  14. ^ De Donatis, M.; Bruciatelli, L.; Susini, S. (2005). "MAP IT- a GIS/GPS software solution for digital mapping". Digital Mapping Techniques '05—Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 97–101. Open-File Report 2005-1428.
  15. ^ Brown, Kent; Sprinkel, Douglas (2008). "Geologic Field Mapping Using a Rugged Tablet Computer" (PDF). In Soller, David R. (ed.). Digital Mapping Techniques '07 - Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 53–58. Open-File Report 2008-1385.
  16. , Open-File Report 2006-1097
  17. ^ Brimhall, George; Vanegas, Abel (2001). "Removing Science Workflow Barriers to Adoption of Digital Geological Mapping by Using the GeoMapper Universal Program and Visual User Interface". Digital Mapping Techniques '01 -- Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 01-223.
  18. ^ Brimhall, G.; Vanegas, A.; Lerch, D. (2002). "GeoMapper program for paperless field mapping with seamless map production in ESRI ArcMap and GeoLogger for drill-hole data capture: applications in geology, astronomy, environmental remediation, and raised-relief models". Digital Mapping Techniques '02 -- Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 141–152. Open-File Report 02-370.
  19. ^ Jordan, Colm (May 10–13, 2009). "SIGMAmobile, the British Geological Survey digital field mapping system in action" (PDF). Digital Mapping Techniques '09. Morgantown, West Virginia.
  20. ^ De Donatis, Mauro (May 10–13, 2009). "BeeGIS: a new open source and multiplatform field GIS" (PDF). Digital Mapping Techniques '09. Morgantown, West Virginia.
  21. ^ Bond, Clare; Clelland, S.; Butler, R. (31 October – 3 November 2010). "Applying Digital Mapping Techniques to Classic Geological Areas in North West Scotland and the French Alps - Aiding Structural Geology Prediction Through 3D visualisation and Model Building". 2010 GSA Denver Annual Meeting (Abstract). Denver, Colorado.

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