Domus
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plebeian , freedmen |
In
The
History
The homes of the early
Interior
The domus included multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens and beautifully painted walls that were elaborately laid out. The vestibulum ("entrance hall") led into a large central hall: the atrium, which was the focal point of the domus and contained a statue of or an altar to the household gods. Leading off the atrium were cubicula (bedrooms), a dining room triclinium, where guests could eat dinner whilst reclining on couches, a tablinum (living room or study), and the culina (Roman kitchen). On the outside, and without any internal connection to the atrium, were tabernae (shops facing the street).[6]
In cities throughout the Roman Empire, wealthy homeowners lived in buildings with few exterior windows. Glass windows were not readily available: glass production was in its infancy. Thus a wealthy Roman citizen lived in a large house separated into two parts, and linked together through the tablinum or study or by a small passageway.
Surrounding the atrium were arranged the master's family's main rooms: the small cubicula or bedrooms, the tablinum, which served as a living room or study, and the triclinium, or dining-room. Roman homes were like Greek homes. Only two objects were present in the atrium of Caecilius in
Interior architectural elements
Vestibulum (fauces): the vestibulum was the main entrance hall of the Roman domus. It is usually seen only in grander structures; however, many urban homes had shops or rental space directly off the streets with the front door between. The vestibulum would run the length of these front tabernae shops. This created security by keeping the main portion of the domus off the street. In homes that did not have spaces for let in front, either rooms or a closed area would still be separated by a separate vestibulum.
Atrium (pl.: atria): the atrium was the most important part of the house, where guests and dependents (clients) were greeted. The atrium was open in the center, surrounded at least in part by high-ceilinged porticoes that often contained only sparse furnishings to give the effect of a large space. In the center was a square roof opening called the compluvium in which rain could come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled roof. Directly below the compluvium was the impluvium.
Impluvium: an impluvium was basically a drained pool, a shallow rectangular sunken portion of the atrium to gather rainwater, which drained into an underground cistern. The impluvium was often lined with marble, and around which usually was a floor of small mosaic.
Fauces: these were similar in design and function to the vestibulum, but were found deeper into the domus. Separated by the length of another room, entry to a different portion of the residence was accessed by these passageways which would now be called halls, hallways, or corridors.
Tablinum: between the atrium and the peristyle was the tablinum, an office of sorts for the dominus, who would receive his clients for the morning salutatio. The dominus was able to command the house visually from this vantage point as the head of the social authority of the pater familias.
Triclinium: the Roman dining room. The area had three couches, klinai, on three sides of a low square table. The oecus was the principal hall or salon in a Roman house, which was used occasionally as a triclinium for banquets.
Alae: the open rooms (or alcoves) on each side of the atrium. Ancestral death masks, or
Cubiculum: bedroom. The floor mosaics of the cubiculum often marked out a rectangle where the bed should be placed.
Culina: the kitchen in a Roman house. The culina was dark, and the smoke from the cooking fires filled the room as the best ventilation available in Roman times was a hole in the ceiling (the domestic chimney would not be invented until the 12th century CE). This is where slaves prepared food for their masters and guests in Roman times.
Posticum: a servant's entrance is also used by family members wanting to leave the house unobserved.
Exterior
The back part of the house was centred on the peristyle, much as the front centred on the atrium. The peristylium was a small garden often surrounded by a columned passage, the model of the medieval cloister. Surrounding the peristyle were the bathrooms, kitchen and summer triclinium. The kitchen was usually a very small room with a small masonry counter wood-burning stove. The wealthy had a slave who worked as a cook and spent nearly all his or her time in the kitchen. During a hot summer day the family ate their meals in the summer triclinium to stave off the heat. Most of the light came from the compluvium and the open peristylium.
There were no clearly defined separate spaces for slaves or for women. Slaves were ubiquitous in a Roman household and slept outside their masters' doors at night; women used the atrium and other spaces to work once the men had left for the forum. There was also no clear distinction between rooms meant solely for private use and public rooms, as any private room could be opened to guests at a moment's notice.
Exterior architectural elements
- Ostium, the entrance to the domus.
- Tabernae
- Compluvium, the roof over the atrium, which was purposely slanted to drain rainwater into the impluvium pool. This was generally sloped inwards, but many designs have the roofs sloping in the opposite direction away from the center opening.
- Peristyle
- Piscina
- Exedra
Archaeology
Much of what is known about the Roman domus comes from excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. While there are excavations of homes in the city of Rome, none of them retained the original integrity of the structures. The homes of Rome are mostly bare foundations, converted churches or other community buildings. The most famous Roman domus is the House of Augustus. Little of the original architecture survives; only a single multi-level section of the vast complex remains. Even in its original state, the House of Augustus would not have been a good representation of a typical domus, as the home belonged to one of Rome's most powerful, wealthy and influential citizens. In contrast, the homes of Pompeii were preserved intact, exactly as they were when they were occupied by Roman people 2,000 years ago.[citation needed]
The rooms of the Pompeian domus were often painted in one of four Pompeian Styles: the first style imitated ashlar masonry, the second style represented public architecture, the third style focused on mythological creatures, and the fourth style combined the architecture and mythological creatures of the second and third styles.
The home in Roman culture
The home's importance as a universally recognized haven was written about by Cicero after an early morning assassination attempt. He speaks of a commune perfugium, a universal haven or the agreed normal refuge of an individual:
I am the consul for neither the forum... nor the campus... nor the Senate House... nor house, the common refuge of all, or bed, the place granted us for repose, nor the seat of honor have ever been free from ambush and peril of death
— Cicero[10]
The concept of legal abode such as "domicilium" or today's usage "domicile" is a documented and legal standard, common in Western society for thousands of years.[11] An early reference to domicilium is found in the Lex Plautia Papiria, a Roman plebiscite enacted in 89 BC. Under this law, Italian communities that had previously been denied could now gain citizenship.
See also
- Roman architecture
- Roman villa
- House of the Cascade at Utica – typical of most Roman houses excavated in North Africa
- Townhouse (Great Britain) – house of equivalent function in early modern and modern Britain
- Hôtel particulier – house of equivalent function in early modern and modern France
References
- ISBN 978-0-924171-59-8.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33174-9.
- ^ "Domus". LacusCurtius Educational Resource: a Selection of Articles from A 19th-Century Classical Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-9460-4.
- ISBN 978-0-393-73052-4.
- ^ "Roman House". Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- Morris Hicky Morgan; public-domain full-text link) Quote: "Let the busts of ancestors with their ornaments be set up at a height corresponding to the width of the alae." (it is not 100% clear that he is saying that they should be placed in an ala)
- ^ William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. (1875). "DOMUS: The Roman House (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)". penelope.uchicago.edu. John Murray, London.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bed (furniture)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 612. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ISBN 978-0-415-19522-5.
- ^ "Domicilium". LacusCurtius Educational Resource: a Selection of Articles from a 19th-Century Classical Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2009-04-29.