Dungal MacDouall
Dungal MacDouall | |
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MacDouall family | |
Spouse(s) | Matilda, Margaret |
Dungal MacDouall (died before 1327/1328) was a fourteenth-century Scottish nobleman, and a member of the
The MacDoualls
Dungal was the head of the
The precise location of the MacDoualls' lands are uncertain, although they seem to have been in Wigtownshire, since the fourteenth-century
As part of the summer campaign of the English forces in 1303,
In 1306, Robert Bruce asserted his claim to the Scottish throne. In the process he and his rival, John Comyn of Badenoch,[26] argued and Comyn was killed at Grayfriars Church in Dumfries.
Like other native Gallovdian
War with the Bruces
In January 1307, Dungal defeated a force of Bruce supporters who invaded Galloway, landing at Loch Ryan.[31] It is unknown if this strike was a mere maritime raid or the opening stage of a planned mainland campaign.[32] One possibility is that the invading force was intended to divert attention from Robert's own landing.[33] Another possibility is that the invading force was meant to annihilate the MacDoualls and MacCanns—if so, the attackers failed miserably.[34]
According to the Chronicle of Lanercost, the invasion force consisted of eighteen ships, and was led by
The continuation of the Paris version of
The Chronicle of Lanercost states that Thomas, Alexander, and Reginald were executed at Carlisle on 17 February.
In 1308, King Robert sent his one remaining brother, Sir Edward Bruce, into Galloway to have their revenge on Dungal MacDouall for the loss of their two brothers. James Douglass went with Sir Edward and they attacked the MacDoualls and their English allies at night, chasing them from Galloway. After that success, King Robert made his brother, Lord of Galloway.
Edward I's remorseless executions of King Robert's brothers (one of whom, Alexander, was a priest), and his supporters may be explained by his cruel nature, his disgust at the idea of Scottish freedom and Bruce's slaying of John Comyn, an act the English king regarded as sacrilegious.
In March 1306/1307, on account of his success campaigning in support of the English, Dungal successfully petitioned Edward I to grant his like-named younger brother the marriage of the daughter and heir of Hugh Chaumpaigne.[60] The same month, Dungal is recorded to have successfully requested a pardon for Elias Vaux, for the latter's part in the killing of Nicholas, son of Robert Goyt.[61]
Further defence of Galloway
Dungal's actions in support of the English may exemplify the Gallovidians stance against the Bruce cause. As a result of this opposition, Robert oversaw a campaign against the Gallovidians, commanded by his brother, Edward, who was later made Lord of Galloway.[22][note 7] This operation appears to have been unleashed after the death of Edward I in July, and after the succeeding Edward II concluded a campaign of his own late in August, returning to Carlisle on 1 September.[65] The Bruce campaign is partly evidenced by an English order, dated 25 September, commanding that refugee Gallovidians be allowed to feed their flocks in Inglewood Forest.[66] Five days later, Edward II ordered John, Earl of Richmond to quash the Bruce campaign in Galloway, since several English supporters—namely John St John, Dungal, and Donald MacCann—had alerted the English Crown of the dire situation in the region.[67][note 8]
Midway through 1308, Robert Bruce, then King Robert I, had his revenge on MacDouall when his brother, Sir Edward Bruce, overran Galloway, and in the process drove Dungal and his family out of Scotland.
A later account of the battle, preserved by the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon,[82] confusingly identifies 'Donald of the Isles' as leader of the Gallovidian forces, but then includes a verse about the clash in which a 'Donald of Islay' is identified as an ally of Edward Bruce.[83] As such, there is reason to suspect that the Bruce-aligned 'Donald' mentioned by this source is identical to Donald of Islay,[84] and that the Gallovidian-aligned 'Donald' is identical to Donald MacCann, a Gallovidian who consistently supported the English against the Bruces, and who disappears from record at about this point in history.[85][note 11]
The account of Edward Bruce's campaigning against the Gallovidians, given by the Chronicle of Lanercost, states that his forces were partly composed of men from the Isles.[88] The evidence of Donald of Islay in league with pro-Bruce forces could indicate that Gesta Annalia II was erroneous in placing him and the Islesmen against Edward Bruce's forces.[89] One possibility is that the account given by Chronicle of Lanercost influenced Gesta Annalia II in its identification of Edward Bruce's foe as from the Isles.[81][note 12]
Ejection, territorial grants, constabularies and shrievalties
Having been forced from Scotland, Dungal received an order of protection from the English Crown in August 1308, presumably in the context of an attempt to regain his lands. Nevertheless, Dungal's venture appears to have been unsuccessful,[93] and months later he was granted an English manor in compensation. Specifically, in April 1309, Dungal received a royal grant of the Yorkshire manor of Temple-Cowton to sustain himself and his family.[94] The record of his grant is the first time that Dungal is attested as a knight. It was probably an English elevation. Certainly, Dungal is stated to have been "hated by the enemy" for his actions in Scotland.[95]
Prior to 1308, the manor was a possession of the Knights Templar.[96] On 8 February 1311/1312, the manor—then recently taken into royal possession—was ordered by the king to be delivered into the hands of Dungal's wife, Matilda, until Dungal was able to receive it himself.[97]
Whilst serving the king in 1310/1311, Dungal was made constable of
In correspondence dating to 29 May, Edward II commanded that Dumfries Castle be fortified.[103] In July, Dungal's brother, Fergus, is recorded to have been engaged in supplying the castle with munitions.[104] Later that month, Dungal acknowledged the receipt of certain supplies, although afterwards in August he is reported to have complained to the English Crown that a lack of supplies expected from Carlisle had contributed to the desertion of many of his men.[105]
At some point after his expulsion from Dumfries, Dungal was stationed on the
Following his expulsion from Rushen, Dungal appears to have gone to Ireland.
Later history
In July 1314, Dungal was sent from Carlisle by
In August 1316, Matilda is recorded to have received a gift of £10 from Edward II, and Dungal himself is stated to have been entitled to a yearly sum of £20.[117] At some point, Dungal is recorded to have been ordered by the English Crown to serve in Ireland, and to have petitioned the king for specific lands in Ireland—those of Leixlip—until he could recover his lands in Scotland.[118] In February 1326/1327, Edward III, King of England is recorded to have remitted the balance of the £10 Dungal was owed annually for the ward of the former lands of Henry Malton in York and Cumberland.[119]
In 1319/1320, Dungal was granted a £20 annuity for services rendered to the English Crown.[120]
A petition of Dungal's son and heir, Duncan MacDouall, dating to 1347, relates that Dungal lost £100 worth of Scottish lands supporting the cause of Edward I and Edward II. This source further reveals that a brother of Dungal was slain during the war—on account of the brothers' part in the capture and execution of Robert's brothers—and that Dungal's eldest son was slain, supporting the English cause, at the Battle of Bannockburn. Duncan's petition relates that his father received an annual sum of £20, and that at present, Duncan and Dungal's six other sons were deprived of support. As a result, Duncan requested that his father's pension be continued. Duncan's petition was endorsed: "It seems to the Council it would be charitable to do some favour to them".[122] The names of Dungal's other sons are unknown. One possibility is that one was the Thomas MacDouall whose wife, Johanna, is reported to have been abducted at Carlisle in 1308, along with Thomas' goods and chattels.[123]
Dungal was closely associated with John MacDougall. For example, in July 1310, Dungal is recorded to have received 100 merks from John for his service to the English.[124] Later, in 1315/1316, John, Dungal, and Duncan MacGodfrey are recorded to have received wages and supplies from the English for their services against the Scottish Crown in the Irish Sea region.[125] Both Dungal and Duncan MacGodfrey are recorded amongst the garrison of Carlisle after the fall of Edward Bruce in 1318.[126] It is possible that the activities of the MacDougalls and MacDoualls in the Irish Sea region partly spurned on the Bruce campaign in Ireland.[127] It is possible that Dungal regarded John MacDougall as a kinsman.[128] John died in September 1317, and Dungal supervised his funeral.[129] Dungal acted as the latter's executor, and in March 1326/1327, Dungal is recorded to have petitioned Edward III for the balance of John's annual pension of 200 merks in order to pay off the John's outstanding debts.[130]
Dungal himself was dead by January 1327/1328,[131] when his widow—identified as Margaret—was confirmed the ward of Henry Malton's former lands that had been granted to Dungal.[132] Later in February, Edward III is recorded to have freed Dungal's executors from the demand of debts upon these lands, on account of Dungal's faithful service.[133] Dungal was succeeded by his son, Duncan.[134] Margaret was dead by January 1333/1334.[135]
Notes
- patronyms in English secondary sources: Dougal Macdouel,[2] Dougal MacDowall,[3] Dougal Macdowall,[4] Dougal McDowell,[5] Douglas Macdowell,[6] Dugald MacDouall,[7] Dugald Macdowall,[8] Duncan MacDougal,[9] Dungal MacDoual,[10] Dungal Macdouall,[11] Dungal MacDouall,[12] Dungal Macdowall,[13] Dungal MacDowall,[14] Dungal Macdowell,[15] Dungal MacDowell,[16] and Dungal McDowell.[17]
- MacQuillan family.[38] The fact that the operation included a Lord of Kintyre and an Irish kinglet is evidence of Robert's links with Ireland, and may lend weight to the identification of Malcolm as a MacQuillan.[39] Malcolm's surname is rendered "Mackayle" and "Makaillis" (which is probably a mistake for Makaill).[40] He may be identical to the Malcolm who was associated with Dunaverty Castle and Robert himself.[41] Although an undated letter from Robert, addressed to "all the kings of Ireland, to the prelates and clergy, and to the inhabitants of all Ireland", could have been composed in the context of a proposed alliance on the eve of the Bruce campaign in Ireland in 1315–1318,[42] there is reason to suspect that it was more likely drawn up in the winter of 1306/1307, on the eve of the ill-fated invasion of Galloway defeated by Dungal.[43]
- Wallace.[47]
- ^ This record corroborates the chronicle accounts of the taking and execution of the three.[46] Another record, dated 19 February, identifies Dungal as "Captain of the army of Galloway", and reveals that Dungal transported Thomas, Alexander, Reginald, and the heads of "certain traitors from Kintyre and Ireland", to Edward, Prince of Wales at Wetheral.[51] The executions of Thomas and Alexander are also noted by the Guisborough Chronicle.[52]
- ^ As for the fates of Thomas, Alexander, and Reginald, the fact that Dungal spared them from death on the battlefield—only to hand them over to the English where they received the death of William Wallace—reveals that he was well aware of Edward I's orders: that Robert and his closest supporters were not to be summarily executed.[59]
- Donald of Islay.[64]
- ^ At one point, the Chronicle of Lanercost reports that Robert and Edward Bruce marched on Galloway, where they took tribute from the land on the condition that it would be left in peace.[68] One possibility is that this blackmailing took place in September.[69]
- ^ According to Chronicle of Lanercost, the Gallovidians who could escape the carnage were forced to flee to England.[71]
- Ingram Umfraville.[78] According to the Chronicle of Lanercost, the leaders of the Bruce forces were Edward Bruce, Alexander Lindsay, Robert Boyd, and James Douglas.[79]
- ^ The account given by Scotichronicon further reports that a knight named Roland, a man who may be identical to the otherwise attested Ronald MacGachan, was killed in the clash. It further relates that an island fortress was captured by Edward's force, and that Donald MacCann was thereby captured.[86] The capture of Donald MacCann may mark the point at which the MacCanns submitted to Robert.[87]
- ^ It is well known that Angus Og Macdonald, then Lord of the Isles, supported King Robert Bruce throughout his campaign to claim Scotland and often supplied King Robert with galleys, warriors and galloglass. After the defeat of Dungal MacDouall in 1308, Sir Edward Bruce was named Lord of Galloway by King Robert.[90]
Although there may be reason to suspect that the battle took place in the context of the well-attested Gallovidian campaigns of 1307 or 1313, on account of the fact that such a clash in 1308 is not corroborated by administrative sources, the fact that the battle is recounted by sources such as the Chronicle of Lanercost, Gesta Annalia II, the Bruce, and Scotichronicon, appears to affirm its historicity.herschip of Buchan.[92]
- ^ Dungal is mentioned by an English royal warrant, dated 20 October 1311, regarding an appeal against Simon about felonies committed on the island.[109]
- ^ The Scottish attack on the castle has left no traceable archaeological evidence.[112]
Citations
- ^ Munch; Goss (1874) p. 110; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ Strickland (2008).
- ^ Oram (1992).
- ^ Penman (2014); Taggart (2004).
- ^ Daniels (2013).
- ^ Ingamells (1992).
- ^ Brown (2008).
- ^ Scott (2009).
- ^ Lord (2013).
- ^ Lamont (1981).
- ^ Barrow (2005); Duffy (2002); Traquair (1998); Lydon (1992); Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991); Reid, NH (1984).
- ^ McDonald (1997).
- ^ Duncan (2007).
- ^ McNamee (2012a).
- ^ Brown (2006).
- ^ McNamee (2012a); McNamee (2012b); Thornton (1998).
- ^ Blakely (2009).
- ^ Blakely (2009) p. 62; Oram (1992) p. 39.
- ^ McAndrew (1999) p. 722; Reid, RC (1958) p. 52; Bain (1884) p. 198 § 823; Instrumenta Publica (1834) pp. 124–127; Document 6/2/0 (n.d.).
- ^ McAndrew (1999) p. 722; Bain (1884) p. 548.
- ^ Chesshyre; Woodcock; Grant et al (1992) p. 278; McAndrew (2006) pp. 122, 354; McAndrew (1999) p. 722; Foster (1902) p. 161; Greenstreet (1874–1875) p. 230.
- ^ a b Blakely (2009) p. 62.
- ^ Daniels (2013) p. 92; Maxwell (1913) pp. 286–287; Stevenson (1839) p. 278.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 74; McNamee (2012a) ch. 3 ¶ 68; Barrow (2005) p. 184; Oram (1992) p. 37; Bain (1884) p. 348 § 1356; Stevenson (1870) p. 178 § 438.
- ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 3 ¶ 68; Blakely (2009) pp. 62, 67 n. 34; Barrow (2005) pp. 184–185; Oram (1992) pp. 36 n. 27, 37; Reid, RC (1958) pp. 52–53; Bain (1884) p. 268 § 1049; Stevenson (1870) p. 178 § 438.
- ^ Strickland (2008) pp. 84, 97–98; Barrow (2005) pp. 181–183.
- ^ Traquair (1998) p. 144.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 37.
- ^ Penman (1999) p. 34.
- ^ Statutes of England to 1320 (n.d.a).
- ^ Daniels (2013) p. 92; McNamee (2012a) ch. 5 ¶ 58; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 5; Brown (2008) p. 24; Strickland (2008) p. 101; Traquair (1998) pp. 144–145; Lydon (1992) p. 2; Oram (1992) p. 39.
- ^ Brown (2008) p. 24.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 220; Duffy (2002) p. 52.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 220.
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 104–105; Caldwell (2012) pp. 284–285; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 5; Brown (2008) p. 24; Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 53; Duncan (2007) p. 152 n. 36–38; Barrow (2005) pp. 218–219; Strickland (2008) p. 101; Ingamells (1992) p. 53; Oram (1992) p. 39; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 434 n. 34; Reid, NH (1984) p. 294; Maxwell (1913) pp. 179–180; Mackenzie (1909) p. 402 n. 36; Chronicon Domini Walteri de Hemingburgh (1849) p. 252 n. 1; Stevenson (1839) p. 205.
- ^ Reid, NH (1984) pp. 294, 337 nn. 49–50; Chronicon Domini Walteri de Hemingburgh (1849) p. 252.
- ^ Caldwell (2012) pp. 284–285; Strickland (2008) p. 101; Ingamells (1992) p. 53; Luard (1890) p. 136; Yonge (1853) pp. 594–595 ch. 27.
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 53; Barrow (2005) p. 466 n. 18; Oram (1992) p. 39.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 466 n. 18.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 466 n. 18; Bute (1884–1885) p. 184.
- ^ Caldwell (2012) pp. 284–285; Penman (2014) pp. 105, 356 n. 3; Barrow (2005) pp. 437–438 n. 11; Oram (1992) p. 39.
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 14 ¶¶ 13–15; Barrow (2005) pp. 408–409, 491 n. 9; Duffy (2002) p. 52; Frame (1998) p. 72 n. 6; Nicholson (1963) pp. 38–39.
- ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 5 ¶¶ 53–55, 5 ¶ 55 n. 7; Duffy (2002) p. 52; MacGregor (2000); Frame (1998) p. 72, 72 n. 6; Duffy (1997) p. 135.
- ^ Duncan (2007) p. 152 n. 36–38; Skene (1872) p. 335 ch. 120; Skene (1871) p. 342 ch. 120.
- ^ Duncan (2007) pp. 152–153 bk. 4, 152 n. 36–38; Mackenzie (1909) pp. 57 bk. 4, 407 n. 104; Eyre-Todd (1907) p. 54 bk. 4.
- ^ a b Duncan (2007) p. 152 n. 36–38.
- ^ Grant (2012); Mackenzie (1909) pp. 402–403 n. 38; Jamieson (1869) pp. 141–142 bk. 7.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 105; Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 53; Taggart (2004) pp. 95–96; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 434 n. 34; Maxwell (1913) pp. 179–180, 180 n. 1; Chronicon Domini Walteri de Hemingburgh (1849) p. 252 n. 2; Stevenson (1839) p. 205.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 5; Strickland (2008) p. 101 n. 102; Oram (1992) p. 39; Maxwell (1913) pp. 181–182; Stevenson (1839) p. 207.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 105; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 5; Brown (2008) p. 47 n. 5; Duncan (2007) p. 152 n. 36–38; Ingamells (1992) p. 53; Lydon (1992) p. 2; Oram (1992) p. 39; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) pp. 433–434 n. 33; Reid, NH (1984) p. 294; Paul (1908) p. 490; Mackenzie (1909) p. 402 n. 36; Bain (1884) p. 509 § 1915; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.a); Simpson; Galbraith (n.d.) p. 216 § 492 (xvi).
- ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 5 ¶ 58; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 5; Reid, RC (1958) p. 53; Bain (1888) p. 489 § 6.
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 53; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 294, 337 n. 50; Chronicon Domini Walteri de Hemingburgh (1849) p. 252.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 39; Reid, RC (1958) p. 53; Palgrave (1837) pp. 318–319 § 143.
- ^ Birch (1905) p. 135 pl. 20.
- ^ Strickland (2008) pp. 97–104; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1898) p. 436; Bain (1884) pp. 473 § 1757, 477 § 1776.
- ^ Gillingham (2004) p. 114.
- ^ Gillingham (2004) p. 128.
- ^ Strickland (2008) p. 101, 101 n. 102; Gillingham (2004) p. 132.
- ^ a b Strickland (2008) p. 101, 101 n. 102.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 39; Reid, RC (1958) p. 53; Bain (1884) pp. 506–507 § 1905.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 53; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1898) p. 508; Bain (1884) p. 510 § 1919.
- ^ Statutes of England to 1320 (n.d.b).
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 n. 37; Oram (1992) p. 40; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 459; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.); RPS, 1309/1 (n.d.a); RPS, 1309/1 (n.d.b).
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 102, 157; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 n. 37; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 459; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.); RPS, 1309/1 (n.d.a); RPS, 1309/1 (n.d.b).
- ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 5 ¶ 129; Duncan (2007) p. 268 n. 239–351.
- ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 5 ¶ 129; Blakely (2009) p. 62; Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 16; Duncan (2007) p. 268 n. 239–351; Barrow (2005) p. 224; Traquair (1998) p. 151; Reid, NH (1984) p. 299; Calendar of the Close Rolls (1892) p. 2; Bain (1887) p. 3 § 14.
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 16; Duncan (2007) p. 268 n. 239–351; Traquair (1998) p. 151; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 445 n. 54; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 299, 338 n. 76; Reid, RC (1958) p. 53; Bain (1887) p. 3 § 15; Palgrave (1830) p. 370; Rymer; Sanderson (1818) p. 8; Document 1/28/0 (n.d.).
- ^ Duncan (2007) pp. 268–269 n. 239–351; Maxwell (1913) p. 185; Stevenson (1839) p. 210.
- ^ Duncan (2007) pp. 268–269 n. 239–351.
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 47; Barrow (2005) pp. 234–235, 469 n. 81; Reid, NH (1984) p. 308.
- ^ Reid, NH (1984) p. 308; Maxwell (1913) p. 188; Stevenson (1839) p. 212.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125; Caldwell (2012) p. 285; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶¶ 18–20; Duncan (2007) p. 344 n. 479; Barrow (2005) pp. 234–235, 469 n. 81; Traquair (1998) p. 155; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 308, 342 n. 121; Maxwell (1913) p. 188; Stevenson (1839) p. 212.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125, 125 n. 91; Caldwell (2012) p. 285 n. 103; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Barrow (2005) pp. 234–235, 469 n. 81; Oram (1992) p. 40; Skene (1872) p. 337 ch. 125; Skene (1871) p. 345 ch. 125.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 107; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 47; Barrow (2005) pp. 234–235, 469 n. 81; Oram (1992) p. 40; Mackenzie (1909) pp. 161–163 bk. 9; Eyre-Todd (1907) pp. 153–155 bk. 9.
- ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 235, 469 n. 82.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125, 125 n. 91; Caldwell (2012) p. 285 n. 103; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 444 n. 54; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 308, 342 n. 121; Lamont (1981) pp. 165–166; Skene (1872) p. 337 ch. 125; Skene (1871) p. 345 ch. 125.
- ^ Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 444 n. 54.
- ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 234–235; Reid, NH (1984) p. 342 n. 120; Mackenzie (1909) pp. 161–163 bk. 9; Eyre-Todd (1907) pp. 153–155 bk. 9.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 469 n. 81; Maxwell (1913) p. 188; Stevenson (1839) p. 212.
- ^ Reid, NH (1984) pp. 308, 342 n. 121; Lamont (1981) pp. 165–166.
- ^ a b Lamont (1981) pp. 165–166.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125 n. 91; Penman (2014) p. 107; Duncan (2007) pp. 344, 344–345 n. 479; Murray (2002) p. 229 n. 35; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) pp. 344–345, 444–445 n. 54; Goodall (1759) p. 242 bk. 12 ch. 17.
- ^ Duncan (2007) p. 344 n. 479; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) pp. 344–345, 444–445 n. 54; Goodall (1759) p. 242 bk. 12 ch. 17.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125 n. 91; Penman (2014) p. 107; Caldwell (2012) p. 285, 285 n. 103; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Murray (2002) p. 229 n. 35; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) pp. 444–445 n. 54.
- ^ Young (2018) p. 125 n. 91; Penman (2014) p. 107; Caldwell (2012) p. 285, 285 n. 103; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Oram (1992) p. 40; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) p. 444–445 n. 54.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20; Duncan (2007) pp. 344–345 n. 479; Shead; Stevenson; Watt et al (1991) pp. 344–345, 444–445 n. 54; Goodall (1759) p. 242 bk. 12 ch. 17.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 42.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 19; Barrow (2005) p. 469 n. 81; Lamont (1981) pp. 165–166; Maxwell (1913) p. 188; Stevenson (1839) p. 212.
- ^ Reid, NH (1984) p. 342 n. 121.
- ^ Crome, Sarah, Scotland's First War of Independence, 1999,
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 20.
- ^ Duncan (2007) pp. 344–345 n. 479.
- ^ Reid, NH (1984) pp. 308, 342 n. 123; Rotuli Scotiæ in Turri Londinensi (1814) p. 56.
- ^ Lord (2013) p. 199; McNamee (2012a) ch. 6 ¶ 38; McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 61; Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 47; Thornton (1998) p. 4; Oram (1992) p. 40; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 308, 342 n. 123; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Murison (1899) p. 77; Bain (1887) p. 17 §§ 83–84.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 61; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 17 §§ 83–84.
- ^ Lord (2013) pp. 25, 93, 105, 110–111, 114, 199; Page (1914).
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Page (1914); Calendar of the Close Rolls (1892) p. 399; Bain (1887) p. 49 § 241.
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 130–131; Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 47; Barrow (1976) p. 166; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 48 § 235; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.b).
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Murison (1899) p. 77.
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 130–131; Scott (2009) ch. 12 ¶ 35; Brown (2008) p. 46; Barrow (2005) p. 251; Barrow (1976) p. 166; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Murison (1899) p. 77; Bain (1887) p. 60 § 304; Document 0/0/0 (n.d.).
- ^ Barrow (2005) pp. 250–251; Bain (1887) p. 55 § 279.
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 130–131.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 54 § 274.
- ^ Taggart (2004) p. 127; Barrow (1976) p. 166; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 55 § 278; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.c).
- ^ Scott (2009) ch. 10 ¶ 47; Barrow (1976) p. 166; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) pp. 55–56 § 281; PoMS, H4/27/0 (n.d.).
- ^ Crome, Sarah, Scotland's First War of Independence, 1999, at p. 110
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 132; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 53; Brown (2008) p. 46; Barrow (2005) pp. 252–253; Thornton (1998) p. 4; McDonald (1997) p. 197; Oram (1992) p. 40; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 110–111; Stevenson (1858) p. 404.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 252; Bain (1887) p. 60 § 307.
- ^ Thornton (1998) p. 4, 4 n. 15; Calendar of Chancery Warrants (1927) p. 379.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 53.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 40.
- ^ Davey (2002) p. 81.
- ^ a b McNamee (2012a) ch. 7 ¶ 24; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 53.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 132; McNamee (2012a) ch. 7 ¶ 24; McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 53; Gilbert (1884) p. 342.
- ^ Strickland (2008) pp. 111–112, 112 n. 170.
- ^ Traquair (1998) p. 208; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 70 § 369.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 96 § 504.
- ^ Duffy (2002) p. 62; List of Diplomatic Documents (1963) p. 213; Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 157 § 857.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 165 § 910.
- ^ Penman (2014) pp. 203, 379 n. 118, 382 n. 59; Penman (1999) p. 39 n. 38; Bain (1887) p. 133 § 701.
- ^ Connolly (1987) p. 70; Bain (1887) p. 99 § 521; Oliver (1861) pp. 166–167; Strachey; Pridden; Upham (1832) pp. 809, 970; Petitioners: Duncan de Mackoury (n.d.); Rotuli Parliamentorum ut et Petitiones (n.d.) p. 310.
- ^ Brown (2008) p. 130; List of Diplomatic Documents (1963) p. 217; Reid, RC (1958) p. 57; Murison (1899) p. 77; Bain (1887) p. 278 § 1522.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 57; Bain (1887) p. 7 § 36.
- ^ Thornton (1998) p. 4; Reid, RC (1958) p. 54; Bain (1887) p. 29 § 157.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 372 n. 95; McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 61; Reid, RC (1958) pp. 54–55; Bain (1887) p. 92 § 479.
- ^ McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 61.
- ^ Penman (2014) p. 165.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 472 n. 30; Simpson; Galbraith (n.d.) pp. 230–231 § 562; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.d).
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 472 n. 30.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 166 § 912.
- ^ Barrow (2005) p. 253; Oram (1992) p. 42; Reid, RC (1958) p. 55.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 42; Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 171 § 944.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 171 § 946.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55.
- ^ Reid, RC (1958) p. 55; Bain (1887) p. 200 § 1106.
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