John Comyn III of Badenoch
John Comyn John de Soules (1301–1302) | |
---|---|
Preceded by | William Wallace |
Succeeded by | John of Brittany (appointed by Edward I of England) |
Military service | |
Battles/wars | Edward I's Flemish campaign |
John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red (c. 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced abdication of his uncle, King John Balliol (r. 1292–1296), in 1296, and for a time commanded the defence of Scotland against English attacks. Comyn was stabbed to death by Robert the Bruce before the altar at the church of the Greyfriars at Dumfries, once it had been declared that Comyn had more connection to King David of Scotland and therefore should be the next King of Scotland, not Robert.
His father, John Comyn II, known as the Black Comyn, had been one of the competitors for the Crown of Scotland, claiming his descent from King Donald III. His mother was Eleanor Balliol, sister of King John Balliol. He had, moreover, links with the royal house of England: in the early 1290s, he married Joan de Valence, cousin of King Edward I.
Comyn family
On the eve of the Wars of Independence, the Comyns were one of the dominant families of Scotland, with extensive landholdings in both the north and south of the country, and political influence and family connections with the crown. This Anglo-Norman family first made an appearance in Scotland during the reign of David I. In the thirteenth century they acquired the lordship of Badenoch, with extensive landholdings also in Lochaber, as well as the earldom of Buchan. On the death of Alexander III, John Comyn's father was appointed to the panel of Guardians to await the arrival of the infant Margaret, Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexander III. Her death in 1290 immersed the nation in crisis, finally solved in 1292 when John Balliol emerged as king, with the support of his Comyn kinsmen, a solution that was never accepted by the other main claimant, Robert Bruce of Annandale, grandfather of the future king. The Comyns were supporters of King John as was William Wallace.[3]
Comyn at war
With the outbreak of war between England and Scotland, Comyn, his father, and his cousin,
John remained in prison for some months; but with the war in Scotland seemingly over he was finally released on condition that he take up service with Edward in Flanders, the main theatre of operations in his war against the French. While there he learned of the rising of William Wallace and Andrew Moray and their victory over the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. In March 1298, John was among Scots who deserted the English, finally ending up in Paris, where they appealed for aid to Philip IV of France. The only help they managed to get was a ship back to Scotland, arriving before the summer.[3]
Battle of Falkirk
Earlier that year William Wallace emerged as Guardian after Moray died at Stirling or shortly after. The main task facing the Guardian was to gather a national army to meet an invasion by Edward, anxious to reverse the victory of Stirling Bridge. For cavalry, by far the weakest element of the Scottish host, Wallace depended on the Comyns and the other noble families. On 22 July Wallace's army was destroyed at the Battle of Falkirk, the light horse being driven off at an early stage by the heavy English cavalry.
It is possible that John Comyn was present at the battle, though the evidence is far from conclusive. The main Scottish sources, the chronicles of
Guardian of Scotland
With no independent power base, Wallace, whose prestige had always been based on the success of his army, resigned or was removed as Guardian after Falkirk. In his place an unusual and difficult balancing act: John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, who had now joined the patriot party. The Scots were still fighting on behalf of the absent King John, so Bruce must have paid lip service to the cause, though his royal ambitions were openly known. The records give little or nothing in the way of insight into the feelings and motives of these men. At a meeting of a council of the magnates at Peebles in August 1299, an argument broke out relative to the property of Wallace, who was then in France. Comyn is said to have seized Bruce by the throat.[4]
This was obviously an arrangement that suited Comyn, because Umphraville was a close political associate and a kinsman of King John. With the Guardianship taking Scotland one way Robert Bruce went the other, making his peace with Edward by February 1302 in a document in which he expressed the fear that "the realm of Scotland might be removed from the hands of the king, which God forbid, and delivered to John Balliol, or to his son."[5]
The new triumvirate lasted to May 1301, when
Defiance and surrender
There was a certain inevitability to the Comyn domination of Scottish government in the years before 1304: they were the most powerful of the noble families, having more military resources and more control, particularly in the north, than any other family.
There never was so desperate a struggle, or one in which the stoutness of knightly prowess shone forth so brightly. The commander and leader in this struggle was John Comyn, the son... John Comyn, then guardian of Scotland, and Simon Fraser with their followers, day and night, did their best to harass and to annoy, by their general prowess, the aforesaid kings officers and bailiffs... the aforesaid John Comyn and Simon, with their abettors, hearing of their arrival at Rosslyn and wishing to steal a march rather than have one stolen upon them, came briskly through from Biggar to Rosslyn, in one night, with some chosen men, who chose rather death before unworthy subjection to the English nation; and all of a sudden they fearlessly fell upon the enemy.[10]
Politically, however, the outlook was bleak. Philip of France entered into a final peace with Edward, from which Scotland was excluded. John Balliol, whose star had risen briefly above the horizon, now sank into the twilight of history. In a mood of desperation the Scottish diplomats in Paris, who included Comyn's cousin Buchan, wrote words of encouragement; "For God's sake do not despair...it would gladden your hearts if you would know how much your honour has increased in every part of the world as a result of your recent battle with the English."[11] However, for the first time since 1296 Edward was preparing an offensive that would take him deep into the north of Scotland. Unable to mount an effective resistance, and with his main base threatened with destruction, Comyn entered into peace negotiations, which concluded at Strathord near Perth on 9 February 1304.
Echoing the Treaty of Birgham, it was stipulated that laws, usages, and customs in place in the time of Alexander III should be retained.[12] Comyn insisted that there should be no reprisals or disinheritance, which Edward accepted, with notable exceptions. Edward maintained his particular hatred for one former Guardian. Comyn was thus obliged to adhere to a condition in which he and other named individuals were to "capture Sir William Wallace and hand him over to the king, who will watch to see how each of them conducts himself so that he can do most favour to whoever shall capture Wallace..." There is no evidence to suggest Comyn made any effort to fulfil this condition.
Death in Dumfries
On 10 February 1306 Robert the Bruce participated in the killing of John Comyn before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church in Dumfries.[13] Legend, possibly apocryphal, says Robert the Bruce called Comyn to a meeting. After Sir Richard Edgar encouraged Robert to slay the Red Comyn,[14] Robert stabbed him and rushed out to tell Roger de Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick went in to finish the job uttering: "You doubt! I mak siccar!" ("I make sure!") while Sir Robert Fleming decapitated Comyn, presenting the head to Robert, stating: "Let the deed shaw" ("Let the deed show").[15]
Apart from these bare facts, nothing certain can be gathered from contemporary accounts. While later Scottish sources all try to justify the crime by amplifying earlier accusations of malevolence and treachery against Comyn, the English sources portray Robert as a villain who lured Comyn into a church – taken as a guarantee of safety – to commit premeditated murder.[16]
Some sources state that Bruce and Comyn had previously signed a pact, whereby one would take the crown in return for the lands of the other. As they stood before the high altar, Bruce accused Comyn of having betrayed him to the English and struck Comyn with a dagger. It is unknown if this account is true.[17]
Bruce's companions struck him with their swords. Sir Robert Comyn, rushing to aid his nephew, was killed by a blow to the head by Bruce's brother-in-law, Christopher Seton.[18]
Thirteen days after the event, a garbled version of the facts reached the court of
References
- ^ "John Comyn was about the same age as Robert Bruce." Barrow 2005, p. 188
- ^ a b Young 2004.
- ^ a b c "John 'Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch", Foghlam Alba Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Mackintosh, John. Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland, W. Jolly, 1898
- ISBN 978-0094764408.
- ISBN 9780748620227
- ^ Grant 2007, p. 217.
- ^ Grant 2007, pp. 192–193 (n. 74), 215 (n. 184), 217.
- ISBN 9780851157191
- ^ "The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin" (PDF).
- ^ Barrow, G. W. S. (1965). Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Berkeley: U of California P. p. 180.
- ^ Young 1999, p. 221.
- ISBN 9781417914944.
- ^ "History Timeline". Wedderlie House. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword pp. 127–128
- ^ Brown, Michael. "Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
- ^ Barrow 2005, p. 191.
- ^ Watson, Fiona. "The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom". History Extra. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
Documentary and narrative
- Barbour, John, The Bruce, trans. A. A. H. Duncan, 1964.
- Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987–1996.
- Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, 1881.
- Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, ed. H. Rothwell, Camden Society, vol. 89, 1957.
- Fordun, John of, Chronicles, ed. W. F. Skene, 1871–2.
- Gray, Sir Thomas, Scalicronica, trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
- Lanercost Chronicle, trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
- Palgrave, F., ed. Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland, 1837.
- Pluscarden, the Book of, ed. F. J. H. Skene, 1877–80.
- Wyntoun, Andrew, Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, ed. D. Laing, 1872–9.
Secondary works
- Archer, Thomas Andrew (1887). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-2022-7.
- Barron, E. M., The Scottish War of Independence, 1934.
- Grant, Alexander (2007). "The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going On?". S2CID 162288277.
- Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword, 1999.
- Young, Alan (1997). Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-017-8.
- Young, Alan (1999). "The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations (1286–1314)". In ISBN 978-0-85115-719-1.
- Young, Alan (2004). "Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6046. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)