Dungeon

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"Oubliette" redirects here. For other uses, see Oubliette (disambiguation).
This article is about places of imprisonment. For other uses, see Dungeon (disambiguation).

The dungeons of Blarney Castle, Ireland

A dungeon is a room or

medieval castles, though their association with torture probably derives more from the Renaissance period.[citation needed] An oubliette (from the French oublier, meaning 'to forget') or bottle dungeon is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch
) in a high ceiling.

Etymology

The word dungeon comes from French donjon (also spelled dongeon), which means "

Middle Latin word dominus, meaning "lord" or "master".[1]

In French, the term donjon still refers to a "keep", and the English term "dungeon" refers mostly to oubliette in French. Donjon is therefore a false friend to dungeon (although the game Dungeons & Dragons is titled Donjons et Dragons in its French editions).

An oubliette (same origin as the French oublier, meaning "to forget"[2]) is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch) in a high ceiling.

The use of "donjons" evolved over time, sometimes to include prison cells, which could explain why the meaning of "dungeon" in English evolved over time from being a prison within the tallest, most secure tower of the castle into meaning a cell, and by extension, in popular use, an oubliette or even a torture chamber.

The earliest use of oubliette in French dates back to 1374, but its earliest adoption in English is Walter Scott's Ivanhoe in 1819: "The place was utterly dark—the oubliette, as I suppose, of their accursed convent."[3]

History

Few

Thomas of Lancaster (1322), Richard II (1400), Earl Rivers (1483), Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York (1405), James I of Scotland (1405–1424) and Charles, Duke of Orléans (1417–1430). Purpose-built prison chambers in castles became more common after the 12th century, when they were built into gatehouses or mural towers. Some castles had larger provision for prisoners, such as the prison tower at Caernarfon Castle.[4]

Features

Diagram of alleged oubliette in the Paris prison of La Bastille from Dictionary of French Architecture from 11th to 16th Century (1854–1868), by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; the commentary speculates that this may in fact have been built for storage of ice.

Although many real dungeons are simply a single plain room with a heavy door or with access only from a

hatchway or trapdoor in the floor of the room above, the use of dungeons for torture, along with their association to common human fears of being trapped underground, have made dungeons a powerful metaphor in a variety of contexts. Dungeons, as a whole, have become associated with underground complexes of cells and torture chambers. As a result, the number of true dungeons in castles is often exaggerated to interest tourists. Many chambers described as dungeons or oubliettes were in fact water-cisterns or even latrines.[5]

An example of what might be popularly termed an "oubliette" is the particularly claustrophobic cell in the dungeon of Warwick Castle's Caesar's Tower, in central England. The access hatch consists of an iron grille. Even turning around (or moving at all) would be nearly impossible in this tiny chamber.[6]

However, the tiny chamber that is described as the oubliette, is in reality a short shaft which opens up into a larger chamber with a latrine shaft entering it from above. This suggests that the chamber is in fact a partially back-filled drain. The positioning of the supposed oubliette within the larger dungeon, situated in a small alcove, is typical of garderobe arrangement within medieval buildings. These factors perhaps point to this feature being the remnants of a latrine rather than a cell for holding prisoners. Footage of the inside of this chamber can be seen in episode 3 of the first series of Secrets of Great British Castles.

A dungeon door in the Zrinski Castle in Čakovec, Croatia

A "bottle dungeon" is sometimes simply another term for an oubliette.[7] It has a narrow entrance at the top and sometimes the room below is even so narrow that it would be impossible to lie down but in other designs the actual cell is larger.[8][9]

The identification of dungeons and rooms used to hold prisoners is not always a straightforward task. Alnwick Castle and Cockermouth Castle, both near England's border with Scotland, had chambers in their gatehouses which have often been interpreted as oubliettes.[4] However, this has been challenged. These underground rooms (accessed by a door in the ceiling) were built without latrines, and since the gatehouses at Alnwick and Cockermouth provided accommodation it is unlikely that the rooms would have been used to hold prisoners. An alternative explanation was proposed, suggesting that these were strong-rooms where valuables were stored.[10] Folklore often has it that one mode of use for oubliettes in the Borders, which would obviate latrines anyway, was to throw attackers into the oubliette, close the latch, and leave them to die. It seems likely that this gruesome act was threatened more often than it was carried out in practice, with the real aim being deterrence of potential attackers via the notoriety of the rumor that such a fate was entirely possible, and (plausibly) perhaps not unlikely, for anyone who might dare to attack.

In fiction

Oubliettes and dungeons were a favorite topic of nineteenth century

Catherine de Medici is portrayed gloating over a victim in the oubliettes of the Louvre.[11]

A "dungeon" map created for a tabletop roleplaying game

Dungeons are common elements in modern fantasy literature, related

video games. The most famous examples are the various Dungeons & Dragons media. In this context, the word "dungeon" has come to be used broadly to describe any labyrinthine complex (castle, cave system, etc) rather than a prison cell or torture chamber specifically. A role-playing game largely consisting of dungeon exploration is called a dungeon crawl
.

Near the beginning of

high-fantasy Lyonesse Trilogy (1983–1989), King Casmir of Lyonesse commits Prince Aillas of Troicinet, who he believes to be a vagabond, to an oubliette for the crime of having seduced his daughter. After some months, the resourceful prince fashions a ladder from the bones of earlier prisoners and the rope by which he had been lowered, and escapes.[citation needed
]

In the musical fantasy film

dwarf Hoggle, who defines it for her as "a place you put people... to forget about 'em!"[12]

In the

Gumb's basement dungeon labyrinth in the narrative's climactic scene, where the killer is described as having an oubliette.[13]

In the

Nineteen Eighty-Four
.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9780877796039
    .
  2. Online Etymology Dictionary
    .
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-7182-1216-9
    pp 143–145
  5. ISBN 0-7182-1216-9
    p 145
  6. ^ Hull, Lise, The Great Castles of Britain & Ireland (UK: New Holland Publishers, 2005), p. 34
  7. ISBN 9781476665979
    .
  8. ISBN 9780275984144
    .
  9. ^ "Alnwick Castle: The Keep". www.alnwickcastle.com. Alnick Castle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
  10. ^ Brears, Peter (2011), "The Administrative Role of Gatehouses in Fourteenth-Century North-Country Castles", in Airs, M.; Barnwell, P. S. (eds.), The Medieval Great House, Rewley House Studies in the Historic Environment, pp. 204–208
  11. ^ Alexandre Dumas, La Reine Margot, XIII Oreste et Pylade
  12. ISSN 0146-9339
    .
  13. ISSN 1540-594X
    .

Further reading

Look up dungeon or oubliette in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dungeons.
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