Elihu Burritt

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Elihu Burritt
philanthropist
Notable workWalks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land
United States Consul to Birmingham, England
In office
1864–1868
PresidentAbraham Lincoln

Elihu Burritt (December 8, 1810 – March 6, 1879) was an American diplomat, philanthropist, social activist, and blacksmith.[1] He was also a prolific lecturer, journalist and writer who traveled widely in the United States and Europe.

Early life

Elihu Burritt was born December 8, 1810, in New Britain, Connecticut. He was a descendant of William and Elizabeth Burritt from Stratford, Connecticut.[2] He first worked as a blacksmith. As an adult he was active as a lecturer in many causes, opposing slavery, working for temperance, and trying to achieve world peace.[3]

In the early 1840s Burritt began to tour New England, speaking against war and promoting brotherhood.[4] His sobriquet "Learned Blacksmith" arose from a period when he earned a living as a blacksmith in Worcester, Massachusetts.[5] He founded a weekly paper, the Christian Citizen, in Worcester in 1844.[3]

By this time, Burritt had emerged at the head of a group of radical

pacifists within the American Peace Society, and took on George Cone Beckwith, who supported a gradualist attitude on multiple fronts. There was a confrontation in 1845. Burritt was given the chance to take over as editor of The Advocate of Peace, the organ of the American Peace Society, but Beckwith employed delaying tactics. When Burritt came into post at the beginning of 1846, he renamed the publication as The Advocate of Peace and Universal Brotherhood. But when Beckwith had mustered enough support, in May, the decision was reversed. The infighting cost the society its president, Samuel Elliott Coues, who resigned.[3][6]

Move to England

In the summer of 1846, the disillusioned Burritt left the cautious Beckwith, and went to England. He stayed initially with

St. Peter's Church, Harborne
.

During a trip abroad in 1846–47, Burritt was touched by the suffering of the Irish peasantry.[1]

League of Universal Brotherhood

Burritt founded the peace organization the League of Universal Brotherhood in 1846.

free-labour produce. Female auxiliaries, called 'Olive Leaf Circles', raised funds for the league by selling articles made from free-labour cotton and other raw materials. By 1850 there were around 150 of such circles in Britain.[10]

"

Chartists, as well as the league and Peace Society radicals, was popularized by Burritt from 1847.[11]

Burritt organized the

Priscilla Peckover.[12]

A second "Peace Congress" met in

Edinburgh in 1853. The outbreak of the Crimean War and then the American Civil War
jolted his views.

Later life

Burritt's first stay in Britain ended in 1853. He returned to New England, taking an interest in farming and agricultural methods.[3]

Burritt advocated that Britain, which introduced the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, should introduce an international "ocean penny post" and reduce the cost from one shilling (12 pence) to threepence. He argued this would increase international correspondence, trade, and hence universal brotherhood. He urged the use of illustrated propaganda envelopes. Postal rates were gradually reduced, but his objective was not entirely achieved in his lifetime.

In 1856–1857 Burritt spent much time on

abolitionist lecturing in the USA. He was promoting his version of compensated emancipation.[13]

Burritt was appointed United States consul in Birmingham, England by Abraham Lincoln in 1864. When Ulysses S. Grant was elected in 1868, he was not reappointed to the post.[3] He died on March 6, 1879, in New Britain, Connecticut.

Selected publications

Burritt published at least 37 books and articles. They included:

  • Sparks from the Anvil
  • Ten Minute Talks.
  • A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen (1847). It made residents of the United States more aware of the Great Famine of Ireland.
  • Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land. Recorded his thoughts on the industrialization of communities in Birmingham and the Black Country, and brought the latter term into widespread common usage.[14] It was the third of the travel books he wrote about Britain for American readers.[3] He was the author of the famous early description of the Black Country as "black by day and red by night", adding appreciatively that it "cannot be matched, for vast and varied production, by any other space of equal radius on the surface of the globe".[15][16]
  • A Walk from London to John O'Groat's, with notes by the way (1864) and A walk from London to Land's End and back, with notes by the way (1865): These two books are thought to have influenced John and Robert Naylor who undertook the first recorded walk from Land's End to John o' Groats in 1874 and published their book on it in 1916[17]

Legacy

Elihu Burritt Library, Central Connecticut State University

Each August, New Marlborough, Massachusetts, hosts an annual crafts and community fair in honor of Elihu Burritt. Burritt resided in the Berkshire County Town in 1830. He is one of several blacksmiths who may have inspired the poem "The Village Blacksmith" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[18]

Burritt College, which operated in Spencer, Tennessee, from 1848 to 1939, was named in his honor.[19]

The library at the Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut is named in his honor – The Elihu Burritt Library. It holds an archive of his work and correspondence.[20] Another archive is held as part of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Arthur Weinberg and Lila Shaffer Weinberg. Instead of Violence: Writings by the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence Throughout History. New York, Grossman Publishers, 1963.(p. 340-45).
  2. ^ "Burritt Genealogy – Descendants of William Burritt – Six Generations". Archived from the original on 2012-07-04. Retrieved 2012-03-27. Genealogy Central
  3. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10513. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  4. ISBN 9781545721803
    . Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  5. ISBN 9780199579341
    . Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  6. ISBN 9789080013414
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 9781400867493
    .
  8. ^ Chapman, Gordon (23 February 2006). "'Ackle' – a word causing some hassle!". Black Country Bugle. Staffordshire Newspapers. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  9. ISBN 1848684525
  10. ^ Julie L. Holcomb, Moral Commerce: Quakers and the Transatlantic Boycott of the Slave Labor Economy. Cornell University Press, 2016, p. 180.
  11. ISBN 9780198226741
    .
  12. ISBN 9781400867493
    .
  13. ISBN 9780313331435
    . Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  14. ^ Mugridge, Stuart (2007). "Mapping The Black Country" (PDF). Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  15. ^ "Press Pack" (PDF). Black Country Living Museum. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  16. ^ Burritt, Elihu (1868). Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land . London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston – via Wikisource.
  17. ^ "From John o' Groat's to Lands End by Robert Naylor and John Naylor". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  18. ISBN 978-0-7627-4850-1
  19. ^ Francis Marion West, ‘’Pioneer of the Cumberlands: A History of Burritt College’’ (master’s thesis, Tennessee Technological University, 1969). Accessed at ‘’Restoration History’’ website, 4 March 2015.
  20. ^ "Elihu Burritt Library". Central Connecticut State University. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Elihu Burritt Papers (DG 096)". Swarthmore College. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

External links

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