End-to-end delay
End-to-end delay or one-way delay (OWD) refers to the time taken for a
Measurement
The ping utility measures the RTT, that is, the time to go and come back to a host. Half the RTT is often used as an approximation of OWD but this assumes that the forward and back paths are the same in terms of congestion, number of hops, or quality of service (QoS). This is not always a good assumption. To avoid such problems, the OWD may be measured directly.
Direct
OWDs may be measured between two points A and B of an
The Minimum-Pairs Protocol is an example by which several cooperating entities, A, B, and C, could measure OWDs between one of them and a fourth less cooperative one (e.g., between B and X).[1]
Estimate
Transmission between two network nodes may be asymmetric, and the forward and reverse delays are not equal. Half the RTT value is the average of the forward and reverse delays and so may be sometimes used as an approximation to the end-to-end delay. The accuracy of such an estimate depends on the nature of delay distribution in both directions. As delays in both directions become more symmetric, the accuracy increases.
The probability mass function (PMF) of absolute error, E, between the smaller of the forward and reverse OWDs and their average (i.e., RTT/2) can be expressed as a function of the network delay distribution as follows:[1]
where a and b are the forward and reverse edges, and fy(z) is the PMF of delay of edge z (that is, fy(z) = Pr{delay on edge z = y}).
Delay components
End-to-end delay in networks comes from several sources including transmission delay, propagation delay, processing delay and queuing delay.
See also
- Age of Information
- Minimum-Pairs Protocol
- Network delay
- Store and forward
References
- ^ S2CID 17100293.