Energy management
Energy management includes planning and operation of
Energy efficiency
Base line of energy assessment
One of the initial steps for an effective energy cost control program is the base line energy assessment, which examines the pattern of existing energy usage by the government or any sub-entity of the government or private organization. This program will set the reference point for improvements in energy efficiency. Energy efficiency can improve the existing energy usage and benchmarking of every individual section such as area, sub-area, and the industry.
Organizational integration
It is important to integrate the energy management in the organizational structure, so that the energy management can be implemented. Responsibilities and the interaction of the decision makers should be regularized. The delegation of functions and competencies extend from the top management to the executive worker. Furthermore, a comprehensive coordination can ensure the fulfillment of the tasks.
It is advisable to establish a separate organizational unit "energy management" in large or energy-intensive companies. This unit supports the senior management and keeps track. It depends on the basic form of the
Energy management in operational functions
Facility management
Facility management is an important part of energy management, because a huge proportion (average 25 per cent) of complete operating costs are energy costs. According to the International Facility Management Association (IFMA), facility management is "a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, processes and technology."
The central task of energy management is to reduce costs for the provision of energy in buildings and facilities without compromising work processes. Especially the availability and service life of the equipment and the ease of use should remain the same. The German Facility Management Association (GEFMA e.V.) has published guidelines (e.g. GEFMA 124-1 and 124–2), which contain methods and ways of dealing with the integration of energy management in the context of a successful facility management.[3] In this topic the facility manager has to deal with economic, ecological, risk-based and quality-based targets. He tries to minimize the total cost of the energy-related processes (supply, distribution and use).[4]
The most important key figure in this context is kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (kWh/m2a). Based on this key figure properties can be classified according to their energy consumption.
- Europe: In Germany a low-energy house can have a maximum energy consumption of 70 kWh/m2a.
- North America: In the ENERGY STAR program is the largest program defining low-energy homes. Homes earning ENERGY STAR certification use at least 15% less energy than standard new homes built to the International Residential Code, although homes typically achieve 20–30% savings.[5]
In comparison, the passive house ultra-low-energy standard, currently undergoing adoption in some other European countries, has a maximum space heating requirement of 15 kWh/m2a. A passive house is a very well insulated and virtually airtight building. It does not require a conventional heating system. It is heated by solar gain and internal gains from people. Energy losses are minimized.[6]
There are also buildings that produce more energy (for example by
In addition, the work regulations manage competencies, roles and responsibilities. Because the systems also include risk factors (e.g. oil tanks, gas lines), you must ensure that all tasks are clearly described and distributed. A clear regulation can help to avoid liability risks.[8]
Logistics
Logistics is the
The logistics causes more than 14% percent of CO2 emissions worldwide. For this reason the term
Possible courses of action in terms of green logistics are:[9]
- Shift to ecofriendly transport carrier such as railroad and waterway
- Route and load optimization
- Formation of corporate networks, which are connected by logistics service
- Optimizing physical logistics processes by providing a sophisticated IT support
Besides transportation of goods, the transport of persons should be an important part of the logistic strategy of organizations. In case of business trips it is important to attract attention to the choice and the proportionality of the means of transport. It should be balanced whether a physical presence is mandatory or a telephone or video conference is just as useful. Home Office is another possibility in which the company can protect the environment indirectly.[10]
Energy procurement
Procurement is the acquisition of goods or services. Energy prices fluctuate constantly, which can significantly affect the energy bill of organizations. Therefore, poor energy procurement decisions can be expensive. Organizations can control and reduce energy costs by taking a proactive and efficient approach to buying energy. Even a change of the energy source can be a profitable and eco-friendly alternative.[11]
Production
Production is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.[12] This central process may differ depending on the industry. Industrial companies have facilities that require a lot of energy. Service companies, in turn, do not need many materials, their energy-related focus is mainly facility management or Green IT. Therefore, the energy-related focus has to be identified first, then evaluated and optimize.
Production planning and control
Usually, production is the area with the largest energy consumption within an organization. Therefore, also the production planning and control becomes very important. It deals with the operational, temporal, quantitative and spatial planning, control and management of all processes that are necessary in the production of goods and commodities. The "production planner" should plan the production processes so that they operate in an energy efficient way. For example, a strong power consumer can be moved into the night time. Peaks should be avoided for the benefit of a unified load profile.
The impending changes in the structure of energy production require an increasing demand for storage capacity. The Production planning and control has to deal with the problem of limited
Maintenance
Maintenance is the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function.[14] Detailed maintenance is essential to support the energy management. Hereby power losses and cost increases can be avoided.[15]
Energy management challenge
Through the energy efficiency it management is remain the key for the any industrial user across globe, to achieve the energy management goal for the federal government or industry the efficiency of water and energy resources play a vital role
Examples of how it is possible to save energy and costs with the help of maintenance:
- Defrost the fridges
- Check the barometer of cars and trucks
- Insulation of hot systems
- Improve leaks in building envelopes
Energy strategies
A long-term energy strategy should be part of the overall strategy of a company. This strategy may include the objective of increasing the use of
Potential energy strategies
According to Kals there are the following energy strategies:[18]
- Passive Strategy: There is no systematic planning. The issue of energy and environmental management is not perceived as an independent field of action. The organization only deals with the most essential subjects.
- Strategy of short-term profit maximization: The management is concentrating exclusively on measures that have a relatively short payback period and a high return. Measures with low profitability are not considered.
- Strategy of long-term profit maximization: This strategy includes that you have a high knowledge of the energy price and technology development. The relevant measures (for example, heat exchangers or power stations) can have durations of several decades. Moreover, these measures can help to improve the image and increase the motivation of the employees.
- Realization of all financially attractive energy measures: This strategy has the goal to implement all measures that have a positive return on investment.
- Maximum strategy: For the climate protection one is willing to change even the object of the company.
In reality, you usually find hybrid forms of different strategies.
Energy strategies of companies
Many companies are trying to promote its image and time protect the climate through a proactive and public energy strategy. General Motors (GM) strategy is based on continuous improvement. Furthermore, they have six principles: e.g. restoring and preserving the environment, reducing waste and pollutants, educating the public about environmental conservation, collaboration for the development of environmental laws and regulations.[19]
The energy strategy of Volkswagen (VW) is based on environmentally friendly products and a resource-efficient production according to the "Group Strategy 2018".[22] Almost all locations of the Group are certified to the international standard ISO 14001 for environmental management systems.[23]
When looking at the energy strategies of companies it is important to you have the topic greenwashing in mind. This is a form of propaganda in which green strategies are used to promote the opinion that an organization's aims are environmentally friendly.[24]
Energy strategies of politics
Even many countries formulate energy strategies. The
The European Union has clear instructions for its members. The "20-20-20-targets" include, that the Member States have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% below 1990 levels, increase energy efficiency by 20% and achieve a 20% share of renewable energy in total energy consumption by 2020.[26]
Ethical and normative basis of the energy strategies
The basis of every energy strategy is the
The most relevant ethical ideas for the energy management are:
- external costs.[28]
- golden rule: "One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself." Therefore, everyone should manage their duties and make an energy economic contribution.[29]
See also
- Energy demand management
- Energy management (degree) – specialized degree for those working in the petroleum industry
- Energy management system
- Energy storage as a service (ESaaS)
- Federal Energy Management Program
- Power management – by electrical devices
Management of energy in a particular context:
References
- ^ VDI-Guideline VDI 4602, page 3, Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2007.
- ^ Elahee, Mohammad Khalil (2019). "Brief History of Energy Management ..." Energy Management Research Journal. 2 (1): 39–49.
- ^ "GEFMA: Energiemanagement Grundlagen und Leistungsbild" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ^ "viewed 10 November 2012". Energy20.net. 2010-02-03. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "Features of ENERGY STAR Qualified New Homes." - EnergyStar.gov, Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ "retrieved 8 December 2012". Passiv.de. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "retrieved 3 December 2012". Plusenergiehaus.de. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9
- ^ "retrieved on November 10, 2012". Iml.fraunhofer.de. 2013-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9, p.103-105.
- ^ "retrieved 10 November 2012". Energieagentur.nrw.de. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.
- ^ "retrieved 6 December 2012" (in German). Bmwi.de. 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ British Standard Glossary of terms (3811:1993)
- ^ "retrieved 12 November 2012". Ps-consulting.de. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ J. Kals, K. Würtenberger: IT-unterstütztes Energiemanagement in: HMD - Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik HMD, Heft 285/2012, S. 73-81.
- ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9, p. 181.
- ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9, p. 182-184.
- ^ "retrieved 21 December 2012". Gm.com. 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Global Change country. "retrieved 22 December 2012". Nokia.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ Global Change country. "retrieved 22 December 2012". Nokia.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "retrieved 22 December 2012". Volkswagenag.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ retrieved 22 December 2012. Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "retrieved 16 January 2013". Greenwashingindex.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "retrieved 14 December 2012". Bfe.admin.ch. 2013-12-12. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "retrieved 14 December 2012" (in German). Bmwi.de. 2012-07-04. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ J. Kals, K. Würtenberger: IT-unterstütztes Energiemanagement in: HMD - Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik HMD, Heft 285/2012, p. 73.
- ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9, p. 200.
- ^ a b Johannes Kals: Business Ethics and Corporate Energy Management, in: Karczewski, Leszek; Kretek, Henryk (eds): Odpowiedzialny biznes i konsumerysm wyzwaniem XXI Wieku (Responsible Business and Responsible Consumerism as a Challenge of the 21st Century), Polen, Raciborz 2012, p. 6.
Further reading
"The Industry". The Totus Group. Retrieved 11 March 2018. The Building Controls and Energy Management Industry began with the energy crisis's of the 1970s and specifically starting in 1973 with the first Arab embargo.